Kumbha-Jātaka

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Source: Adapted from Archaic Translation by H.T. Francis
JATAKA No. 512

KUMBHA-JATAKA

"Who are you," etc.--This story the Master, while living at Jetavana monastery, told concerning five hundred women, friends of Visakha, who were drinkers of strong drink. Now the story goes that a drinking festival was proclaimed at Shravasti city, and these five hundred women, after providing fiery drink for their masters, at the end of the festival thought, "We too will keep the feast," and they all went to Visakha and said, "Friend, we will keep the feast." She replied, "This is a drinking festival. I will drink no strong drink." They said, "Do you then give an offering to the supreme Buddha: we will keep the feast." She readily agreed and sent them away. And after entertaining the Master, and making him a large offering, set out at evening for Jetavana monastery, with many a scented wreath in her hand, to hear the preaching of the righteous path, attended by these Women. Now they were eager for drink, when they started with her, and, when they stood in the gabled chamber, they took strong drink, and then accompanied Visakha into the presence of the Master. Visakha saluted the Master and sat respectfully on one side. Some of the other women danced even before the Master; some sang; others made improper movements with their hands and feet; others quarrelled. The Master, in order to give them a shock, emitted a ray of light from his eyebrow; and this was followed by blinding darkness. These women were terrified and frightened with the fear of death, and so the effect of the strong drink wore off The Master, disappearing from the throne on which he was seated, took his stand on the top of Mount Sineru, and emitted a ray of light from the hairs between his eyebrows (*1), like as if it had been the rising of a thousand moons. The Master, just as he stood there, to produce a sensation amongst these women, spoke this stanza:

(*2)No place for laughter here, no room for joy, The flames of passion suffering worlds destroy. Why overwhelmed in darkest night, I request, Seek you no torch to light you on your way?

At the end of the stanza all the five hundred women were established in the fruition of the First Path(Trance). The Master came and sat down on the Buddha seat, in the shade of the Perfumed Chamber. Then Visakha saluted him and asked, "Holy sir, from where has arisen this drinking of strong drink, that does violence to a man's honour and to a tender conscience?" And telling her he told a story of the past.

Once upon a time when Brahmadatta was ruling in Benares, a forester, named Sura, who lived in the kingdom of Kasi, went to the Himalayas, to seek for articles of merchandise. There was a certain tree there that sprang up to the height of a man with his arms extended over his head, and then divided into three parts. In the midst of its three forks was a hole as big as a wine jar, and when it rained this hole was filled with water. Round about it grew two myrobalan (*3) plants and a pepper shrub; and the ripe fruits from these, when they were cut down, fell into the hole. Not far from this tree was some self-sown paddy. The parrots would pick the heads of rice and eat them, perched on this tree. And while they were eating, the paddy and the husked rice fell there. So the water, fermenting through the sun's heat, assumed a blood-red colour. In the hot season flocks of birds, being thirsty, drank of it, and becoming intoxicated fell down at the foot of the tree, and after sleeping for some time flew away, chirping merrily. And the same thing happened in the case of wild dogs, monkeys and other creatures. The forester, on seeing this, said, "If this were poison they would die, but after a short sleep they go as they list; it is no poison." And he himself drank of it, and becoming intoxicated he felt a desire to eat flesh, and then making a fire he killed the partridge birds and cocks that fell down at the foot of the tree, and roasted their flesh on the live coals, and gesticulating with one hand, and eating flesh with the other, he remained one or two days in the same spot. Now not far from here lived an ascetic, named Varuna. The forester at other times also used to visit him, and the thought now struck him, "I will drink this liquor with the ascetic." So he filled a reed-pipe with it, and taking it together with some roast meat he came to the hut of leaves and said, "Holy sir, taste this liquor," and they both drank it and ate the meat. So from the fact of this drink having been discovered by Sura and Varuna, it was called by their names (sura and varuni). They both thought, "This is the way to manage it," and they filled their reed-pipes, and taking it on a carrying-pole they came to a neighbouring village, and sent a message to the king that some wine merchants had come. The king sent for them and they offered him the drink. The king drank it two or three times and got intoxicated. This lasted him only one or two days. Then he asked them if there was any more. "Yes, sir," they said. "Where?" "In the Himalayas, sir." "Then bring it here." They went and fetched it two or three times. Then thinking, "We can't always be going there," they took note of all the constituent parts, and, beginning with the bark of the tree, they threw in all the other ingredients, and made the drink in the city. The men of the city drank it and became idle wretches. And the place became like a deserted city. Then these wine merchants fled from it and came to Benares, and sent a message to the king, to announce their arrival. The king sent for them and paid them money, and they made wine there too. And that city also perished in the same way. From there they fled to Saketa, and from Saketa they came to Shravasti city. At that time there was a king named Sabbamitta in Shravasti city. He explained favour to these men and asked them what they wanted. When they said, "We want the chief ingredients and ground rice and five hundred jars," he gave them everything they asked for. So they stored the liquor in the five hundred jars, and, to guard them, they bound cats, one to each jar. And, when the liquor fermented and began to escape, the cats drank the strong drink that flowed from the inside of the jars, and getting intoxicated they lay down to sleep; and rats came and bit off the cats' ears, noses, teeth and tails. The king's officers came and told the king, "The cats have died from drinking the liquor." The king said, "Surely these men must be makers of poison," and he ordered them both to be beheaded and they died, crying out, "Give us strong drink, give us mead(alcoholic drink from honey) (*4)." The king, after putting the men to death, gave orders that the jars should be broken. But the cats, when the effect of the liquor wore off, got up and walked about and played. When they saw this, they told the king. The king said, "If it were poison, they would have died; it must be mead(alcoholic drink from honey) ; we will drink it." So he had the city decorated, and set up a pavilion in the palace yard and taking his seat in this splendid pavilion on a royal throne with a white umbrella raised over it, and surrounded by his courtiers, he began to drink. Then Sakka(Indra), the king of heaven, said, "Who are there that in the duty of service to mother and the like diligently fulfil the three kinds of right conduct?" And, looking upon the world, he saw the king seated to drink strong drink and he thought, "If he shall drink strong drink, all India will perish: I will see that he shall not drink it." So, placing a jar full of the liquor in the palm of his hand, he went, disguised as a brahmin, and stood in the air, in the presence of the king, and cried, "Buy this jar, buy this jar." King Sabbamitta, on seeing him standing in the air and speaking after this manner, said, "From where can this brahmin come?" and conversing with him he repeated three stanzas:

Who are you, Being from on high, Whose form emits bright rays of light, Like lightening flash across the sky, Or moon illuminating darkest night?

To ride the pathless air upon, To move or stand in silent space-- Real is the power that you have won, And proves you are of godlike race.

Then, brahmin, who you tell, And what within your jar may be, That thus appearing in mid air, You gladly would sell your wares to me.

Then Sakka(Indra) said, "listen then to me," and, explaining the evil qualities of strong drink, he said:

This jar nor oil nor ghee (clarified butter) did hold, No honey or molasses here, But vices more than can be told Are stored within its rounded sphere.

Who drinks will fall, poor silly fool, Into some hole or pit impure, Or headlong sink in hateful pool And eat what he would gladly renounce. Buy then, O king, this jar of mine, Full to the brim of strongest wine.

Who drinks, with wits distracted quite, Like grazing ox that loves to stray, Wanders in mind, a helpless creature, And sings and dances all the day. Buy then ..(&same as before).

Who drinks will run all shamelessly, Like nude ascetic through the town, And late take rest--so dazed is he-- Forgetting when to lay him down. Buy then ..(&same as before).

Who drinks, like one moved with alarm, Staggers, as though he could not stand, And trembling shakes his head and arm, Like wooden puppet worked by hand. Buy then ..(&same as before).

Who drink are burned to death in bed, Or else a prey to jackals fall, To bondage or to death are led, And suffer loss of goods in addition. Buy then ..(&same as before).

Who drinks is lost to decency And talks of things that are obscene, Will sit undressed in company, Is sick and every way unclean. Buy then ..(&same as before).

Uplifted is the man that drinks, His vision is by no means clear, The world is all my own, he thinks, I own no earthly lord as equal. Buy then ..(&same as before).

Wine is a thing of boastful pride, An ugly, naked, cowardly demon, To dispute and defamation allied, A home to shelter thief and pimp. Buy then ..(&same as before).

Though families may wealthy be, And countless treasures may enjoy, Holding earth's richest gifts in fee, This will their heritage destroy. Buy then ..(&same as before).

Silver and gold and household gear, Oxen and fields and stores of grain-- All, all is lost: strong drink, I fear, Has proved of wealthy home the weakness. Buy then ..(&same as before).

The man that drinks is filled with pride, And his own parents will Insult, Or, ties of blood andfamilydefied, Will dare the marriage bed defile. Buy then ..(&same as before).

She too that drinks will in her pride Her husband and his sire Insult, And, dignity of race defied, A slave to wrongdoing will deceive. Buy then ..(&same as before).

The man that drinks will dare to kill A righteous priest or brahmin true, And then in suffering worlds for sure The sinful deed will have to regret. Buy then ..(&same as before).

Who drink will sin in triple wise, In word, in action, and in thought, Then sink to Hell, to suffer For all the evil they have brought. Buy then ..(&same as before).

The man from whom men beg in vain, Even at the cost of heaps of gold, From him when drunk their point they gain And readily the lie is told. Buy then ..(&same as before).

Should one that drinks a message bear And lo! some great emergency Should suddenly arise, he'll swear The thing has slipped his memory. Buy then ..(&same as before).

Even modest folk, intoxicate With wine, will most indecent be, And wisest men, when drunk, will idly chatter And speak very foolishly. Buy then ..(&same as before).

Through drink men, fasting, lie about, The hard bare ground their resting place, Huddled like swine, a shameless withdrawl, They undergo most foul disgrace. Buy then ..(&same as before).

Like oxen hit to the ground (*5)Collapsing, in a heap they lie; Such fire is in strong liquor found, No power of man with it can vie. Buy then ..(&same as before).

When all men, as from deadly snake, In terror from the poison retreat, What hero bold enough to satisfy His thirst from such a fatal drink? Buy then ..(&same as before).

It was after drinking this, I think, The (*6)Andhakas and Vrishni race, Roaming along the shore, were seen To fall, each by his kinsman's mace. Buy then ..(&same as before).

Angels infatuate with wine Fell from eternal heaven, O king, With all their magic power divine: Then who would taste the cursed thing? Buy then ..(&same as before).

Nor curds nor honey sweet is here, But always remembering What's stored within this rounded sphere, Buy, please, buy my jar, O king.

On hearing this the king, recognizing the misery caused by drink, was so pleased with Sakka(Indra) that he sang his praises in two stanzas:

No parents had I sage to teach, like you, But you are kind and merciful, I see; A seeker of the Highest Truth always; Therefore I will obeyyour words to-day.

Lo! five choice villages I own are yours, Twice fifty maidservants, seven hundred cows, And these ten cars with horses of purest blood, For you have advised me to mine own good.

Sakka(Indra) on hearing this revealed his godhead and made himself known, and standing in the air he repeated two stanzas:

These hundred slaves, O king, may still be yours, And the villages and herds of cows; No chariots yoked to high-bred horses I claim; Sakka(Indra), chief god(angel) of Thirty Three, my name.

Enjoy your ghee (clarified butter), rice, milk and succulent meat, Still be content your honey cakes to eat. Thus, king, delighting in the Truths I've preached, Pursueyour blameless path, till Heaven is reached.

Thus did Sakka(Indra) address him and then returned to his dwelling in Heaven. And the king, abstaining from strong drink, ordered the drinking vessels to be broken. And undertaking to keep the rules and dispensing alms, he became destined to Heaven. But the drinking of strong drink gradually developed in India.

The Master here ended his lesson and identified the Birth: "At that time Ananda was the king, and I myself was Sakka(Indra)."

Footnotes:

(1)This manifestation is abundantly explained in Buddhist art, especially in that of the Mahayana school.

(2)Dhammapada

(3)Of different kinds, Terminalia Chebula and Emblica officinalis.

(4)Another reading has, "Wine, O king, mead(alcoholic drink from honey), O king."

(5)Pattakkhandha.

(6)See Vishnu Purana, Jataka, no. 81