Vibhanga-Chap.6

Tipitaka >> Abhidhamma Pitaka >> Vibhanga >> Ch.6 - Paticchasamuppada

Vibhanga-The Book of Analysis-As Spoken By Gotama Buddha

Pali Versions : Pali-English Version and Pali-Devanagri Version

Translated from Pali By U. Thittila, Rangoon, Burma,1969

OCR version, Not Proof Read, Contains Errors

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CH.6. ANALYSIS OF DEPENDENT ORIGINATION (PATICCHASAMUPPADA)

1. ANALYSIS ACCORDING TO THE DISCOURSES

225 . [135] Because of ignorance activities arise ; because of activities consciousness arises; because of consciousness mind and matter arise; because of mind and matter six bases arise; because of six bases contact arises; because of contact feeling arises; because of feeling craving arises; because of craving attachment arises; because of attachment becoming arises; because of becoming birth arises; because of birth ageing-death-sorrow-lamentation-pain (physical)-mental pain-despair arise. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

226. Therein what is ignorance? Absence of knowledge of suffering, absence of knowledge of the cause of suffering, absence of knowledge of the cessation of suffering, absence of knowledge of the way leading to the cessation of suffering. This is called ignorance.

Therein what is ‘because of ignorance activities arise’? Activity producing good (resultant), activity producing bad (resultant), activity producing unshakeable (resultant), bodily activity, verbal activity, mental activity.

Therein what is activity producing good (resultant)? Good volition characteristic of the plane of desire, characteristic of the plane of form, occasioned by giving, occasioned by morality, occasioned by meditation. This is called activity producing good (resultant).

Therein what is activity producing bad (resultant)? Bad

volition characteristic of the plane of desire. This is called activity producing bad (resultant).

Therein what is activity producing unshakeable (resultant)?

Good volition characteristic of the formless plane. This is called activity producing unshakeable (resultant).

k

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Therein what is bodily activity? Bodily volition is bodily activity; verbal volition is verbal activity; mental volition is mental activity. These are called ‘because of ignorance activities arise’. [ 136 ] '

227. Therein what is ‘because of activities consciousness arises 5 ? Eye consciousness, ear consciousness, nose consciousness, tongue consciousness, body consciousness, mind consciousness. This is called ‘because of activities consciousness arises’.

228. Therein what is ‘because of consciousness mind and matter arise 5 ? There is mind; there is matter. Therein what is mind? The aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants. This is called mind. Therein what is matter? The four great essentials and the material qualities derived from the four great essentials. This is called matter. Thus is this mind and this matter. This is called ‘ because of consciousness mind and matter arise’.

229. Therein what is ‘because of mind and matter six bases arise 5 ? Eye base, ear base, nose base, tongue base, body base, mind base. This is called ‘because of mind and matter six bases arise*.

230. Therein what is ‘because of six bases contact arises 5 ? Eye contact, ear contact, nose contact, tongue contact, body contact, mind contact. This is called ‘because of six bases contact arises*.

231. Therein what is ‘because of contact feeling arises 5 ? Feeling born of eye contact, feeling born of ear contact, feeling born of nose contact, feeling born of tongue contact, feeling born of body contact, feeling born of mind contact. This is called ‘ because of contact feeling arises’.

232. Therein what is ‘because of feeling craving arises 5 ? Craving for visible (objects), craving for audible (objects), craving for,, odorous (objects), craving for sapid (objects), craving for tangible (objects), craving for ideational (objects). This is called ‘because of feeling craving arises*.

233. Therein what is ‘because of craving attachment arises 5 ? The attachment of desire, the attachment of wrong view, the

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attachment of (wrong) habits and practices, the attachment of soul-theory. This is called ‘because of craving attachment arises \

234. Therein what is because of attachment becoming arises’? [ 137 ] Becoming by way of twofold division: Is action-becoming; is resultant-becoming. Therein what is action-becoming? Activity producing good (resultant), activity producing bad (resultant), activity producing unshakeable (resultant). This is called action- becoming. Also all action leading to becoming is action-becoming.

Therein what is resultant-becoming? Becoming (in the plane of) desire, becoming (in the plane of) form, becoming (in the) formless (plane), perception-becoming, non-perception-becoming, neither perception nor non-perception-becoming, single aggregate becoming, four aggregate becoming, five aggregate becoming. This is called resultant-becoming. This is called ‘because of attachment becoming arises’.

235. Therein what is ‘because of becoming birth arises’?

That which for this or that being in this or that category of beings is birth, genesis, entry, full existence, the appearance of the aggre- gates, the acquiring of the bases. This is called ‘ because of becoming birth arises

236. Therein what is ‘because of birth ageing and death arise ’?

There is ageing; there is death. Therein what is ageing? That which for this or that being in this or that category of beings is ageing, decrepitude, broken teeth, grey hair, wrinkled skin, the dwindling of life, decay of the controlling faculties. This is called ageing.

Therein what is death? That which for this or that being from this or that category of beings is decease, passing away, breaking up, disappearance, dying, death, the completion of the life-span, the breaking up of the aggregates, the laying down of the body, the destruction of the controlling faculty of vital principle. This is called death. Thus is this ageing and this death. This is called ‘because of birth ageing and death arise’.

237. Therein what is sorrow? (That which) To one afflicted by misfortune through relatives or to one afflicted by misfortune through wealth or to one afflicted by misfortune through disease

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or to one afflicted by misfortune through (corrupted) morality or to one afflicted by misfortune through wrong view or to one possessed of one misfortune or another or to one afflicted by one painful thing or another is sorrow, being sorry, the state of being sorry, inner sorrow, deep sorrow, burning of the mind, mental pain, the arrow of sorrow. This is called sorrow.

238. Therein what is lamentation? (That which) To one afflicted by misfortune through relatives or to one afflicted by misfortune through wealth or [138] to one afflicted by misfortune through disease or to one afflicted by misfortune through (corrupted) morality or to one afflicted by misfortune through wrong view or to one possessed of one misfortune or another or to one afflicted by one painful thing or another is crying, lamentation, the act of crying, the act of lamentation, the state of crying, the state of lamentation, (sorrowful) talk, senseless talk, wailing, sorrowful murmuring, the act of sorrowful murmuring, the state of sorrowful murmuring. This is called lamentation.

239. Therein what is pain? That which is bodily uneasiness, bodily pain, uneasy painful experience born of bodily contact, uneasy painful feeling born of bodily contact. This is called pain.

240. Therein what is mental pain? That which is mental un- easiness, mental pain, uneasy painful experience born of mental contact, uneasy painful feeling born of mental contact. This is called mental pain.

241. Therein what is despair? (That which) To one afflicted by misfortune through relatives or to one afflicted by misfortune through wealth or to one afflicted by misfortune through disease or to one afflicted by misfortune through (corrupted) morality or to one afflicted by misfortune through wrong view or to one possessed of one misfortune or another or to one afflicted by one painful thing or another is despondency, despair, the state of despondency, the state of despair. This is called despair.

242. ‘ Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering ’ means : Thus is the combination, the assemblage, the collocation, the

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appearance of this whole mass of suffering. Therefore this is called ‘thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering \

(HERE ENDS) ANALYSIS ACCORDING TO THE DISCOURSES

2. ANALYSIS ACCORDING TO ABHIDHAMMA

1. CAUSAL TETRAD

243. Because of ignorance there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness; b ecause of con sciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base j because oT the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is craving; because of craving there is attachment; because of attachment there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering, (1)

Because of ignorance there is activity ; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind ; because of mind there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is craving; because of craving there is attachment; [139] because of attachment there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering. (2)

Because of ignorance there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind and matter; because of mind and matter there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is craving; because of craving there is attachment; because of attachment there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth ; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering. (3)

Because of ignorance there is activity ; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind and matter; because of mind and matter there are six bases; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is craving; because of craving there is attachment; because of attachment there is becoming; because of

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becoming there is birth ; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering. (4)

(HERE ENDS) CAUSAL TETRAD

2. ROOT TETRAD

244. Because of ignorance there is activity rooted in ignorance; because of activity there is consciousness rooted in activity; because of consciousness there is mind rooted in consciousness; because of mind there is the sixth base rooted in mind; because of the sixth base there is contact rooted in the sixth base; because of contact there is feeling rooted in contact ; because of feeling there is craving rooted in feeling; because of craving there is attachment rooted in craving; because of attachment there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

(1) (5)

Because of ignorance there is activity rooted in ignorance; because of activity there is consciousness rooted in activity ; because of consciousness there is mind rooted in consciousness ; because of mind there is contact rooted in mind; because of contact there is feeling rooted in contact ; because of feeling there is craving rooted in feeling; because of craving there is attachment rooted in craving; because of attachment there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering. (2) (6)

Because of ignorance there is activity rooted in ignorance; because of activity there is consciousness rooted in activity; because of consciousness there is mind and matter [140] rooted in consciousness; because of mind and matter there is the sixth base rooted in mind and matter; because of the sixth base there is contact rooted in the sixth base; because of contact there is feeling rooted in contact; because of feeling there is craving rooted in feeling ; because of craving there is attachment rooted in craving ; because of attachment there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering. (3) (7)

Because of ignorance there is activity rooted in ignorance;

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because of activity there is consciousness rooted in activity; because of consciousness there is mind and matter rooted in con- sciousness; because of mind and matter there are six bases rooted in mind and matter; because of the sixth base there is contact rooted in the sixth base ; because of contact there is feeling rooted in contact; because of feeling there is craving rooted in feeling; because of craving there is attachment rooted in craving; because of attachment there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering. (4) (8)

(HERE ENDS) ROOT TETRAD

3. ASSOCIATION TETRAD

245. Because of ignorance there is activity associated with ignor- ance; because of activity there is consciousness associated with activity; because of consciousness there is mind associated with consciousness; because of mind there is the sixth base associated with mind; because of the sixth base there is contact associated with the sixth base; because of contact there is feeling associated with contact; because of feeling there is craving associated with feeling; because of craving there is attachment associated with craving; because of attachment there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering. (1) (9) Because of ignorance there is activity associated with ignorance ; because of activity there is consciousness associated with activity; because of consciousness there is mind associated with conscious- ness; because of mind there is contact associated with mind; because of contact there is feeling associated with contact ; because of feeling there is craving associated with feeling; because of craving there is attachment associated with craving; because of attachment there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering. (2) (10)

Because of ignorance there is activity associated with ignorance ; because of activity there is consciousness associated with activity ; because of consciousness [141] there is mind and matter, mind associated with consciousness; because of mind and matter there

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is the sixth base associated with mind and matter ; because of the sixth base there is contact associated with the sixth base ; because of contact there is feeling associated with contact ; because of feeling there is craving associated with feeling; because of craving there is attachment associated with craving; because of attachment there is becoming ; because of becoming there is birth ; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering. (3) (11)

Because of ignorance there is activity associated with ignorance ; because of activity there is consciousness associated with activity ; because of consciousness there is mind and matter, mind associated with consciousness; because of mind and matter there are six bases, the sixth base associated with mind; because of the sixth base there is contact associated with the sixth base; because of contact there is feeling associated with contact ; because of feeling there is craving associated with feeling; because of craving there is attachment associated with craving; because of attachment there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering. (4) (12)

(HERE ENDS) ASSOCIATION TETRAD

4. RECIPROCITY TETRAD

246. Because of ignorance there is activity; also because of activity there is ignorance. Because of activity there is consciousness; also because of consciousness there is activity. Because of consciousness there is mind ; also because of mind there is consciousness. Because of mind there is the sixth base ; also because of the sixth base there is mind. Because of the sixth base there is contact; also because of contact there is the sixth base. Because of contact there is feeling; also because of feeling there is contact. Because of feeling there is craving; also because of craving there is feeling. Because of craving there is attachment; also because of attachment there is craving. Because of attachment there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth ; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering. (1) (13)

Because of ignorance there is activity; also because of activity there is ignorance. Because of activity there is consciousness;

9 *

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also because of consciousness there is activity. Because of conscious- ness there is mind; also because of mind there is consciousness. Because of mind there is contact; also because of contact there is mind. Because of contact there is feeling; also because of feeling there is contact. Because of feeling there is craving ; also because of craving there is feeling. Because of craving there is attachment; also because of attachment there is craving. Because of attachment there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering. (2) (14) [ 142 ]

Because of ignorance there is activity; also because of activity there is ignorance. Because of activity there is consciousness; also because of consciousness there is activity. Because of conscious- ness there is mind and matter; also because of mind and matter there is consciousness. Because of mind and matter there is the sixth base; also because of the sixth base there is mind and matter. Because of the sixth base there is contact ; also because of contact there is the sixth base. Because of contact there is feeling; also because of feeling there is contact. Because of feeling there is craving; also because of craving there is feeling. Because of craving there is attachment; also because of attachment there is craving. Because of attachment there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering. (3) (15)

Because of ignorance there is activity; also because of activity there is ignorance. Because of activity there is consciousness ; also because of consciousness there is activity. Because of consciousness there is mind and matter; also because of mind and matter there is consciousness. Because of mind and matter there are six bases; also because of the sixth base there is mind and matter. Because of the sixth base there is contact ; also because of contact there is the sixth base. Because of contact there is feeling; also because of feeling there is contact. Because of feeling there is craving; also because of craving there is feeling. Because of craving there is attachment; also because of attachment there is craving. Because of attachment there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth ; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering. (4) (16)

(HERE ENDS) RECIPROCITY TETRAD

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SUMMARY

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247. Because of activity there is ignorance ; [143] : P : because of consciousness there is ignorance; :P: because of mind there is ignorance; :P: because of the sixth base there is ignorance; :P: because of contact there is ignorance ; : P : because of feeling there is ignorance; :P: because of craving there is ignorance; :P: because of attachment there is ignorance; :P: because of ignorance there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is craving; because of craving there is attachment; because of attachment there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

P = See paras. 243-246 inclusive.

(HERE ENDS) SUMMARY

[144]

5. CAUSAL TETRAD

248. What states are bad? At the time when bad consciousness arises accompanied by mental pleasure, associated with wrong view, having visible object, audible object, odorous object, sapid object, tangible object, ideational object or is concerned with whatever (object); at that time because of ignorance there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base ; because of the sixth base there is contact ; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is craving; because of craving there is attachment ; because of attachment there is becom- ing; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

249. Therein what is ignorance? That which is absence of knowledge, absence of vision, :P: barrier of ignorance, the bad root of dullness. This is called ignorance.

P = See para. 1 80.

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Therein what is ‘because of ignorance there is activity*?

That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called ‘because of ignorance there is activity*.

Therein what is ‘because of activity there is consciousness’? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation, heart, lucence, mind, mind base, controlling faculty of mind, consciousness, the aggregate of consciousness; and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-

consciousness-element. This is called ‘because of activity there is consciousness*.

Therein what is ‘because of consciousness there is mind’?

The aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants. This is called ‘because of consciousness there is mind*.

Therein what is ‘because of mind there is the sixth base’?

That which is consciousness, mind, ideation, heart, lucence, mind, mind base, controlling faculty of mind, consciousness, the aggregate of consciousness ; and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-

consciousness-element. This is called ‘because of mind there is the sixth base *.

Therein what is ‘because of the sixth base there is contact’?

That which is contact, contacting, act of contacting, state of contact- ing. This is called ‘because of the sixth base there is contact*.

Therein what is ‘because of contact there is feeling’? That which is mental ease, mental pleasure, easeful pleasant experience born of mental contact, easeful pleasant feeling born of mental contact. This is called ‘ because of contact there is feeling*. [145]

Therein what is ‘because of feeling there is craving*? That which is lusting, infatuation, seduction, compliance, passion, passionate lust, infatuation of consciousness. This is called ‘ because of feeling there is craving*.

Therein what is ‘because of craving there is attachment’?

That which is wrong view, resorting to wrong view, jungle of wrong view, wilderness of wrong view, distortion of wrong view, vacillation of wrong view, fetter of wrong view, grip, fixity, conviction, perversion, evil path, false pathway, falseness, base of heresy, inverted grip. This is called ‘because of craving there is attachment*.

Therein what is ‘because of attachment there is becoming’?

With the exception of attachment (it is) the aggregate of feeling,

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a gg re g a t e of perception, aggreg a te of mental concomitants, aggregate of consciousness. This is called ‘ because of attachment there is becoming’.

Therein what is ‘because of becoming there is birth’? That which for this or that state is birth, genesis, existence, full existence, appearance. This is called because of becoming there is birth’.

Therein what is ‘because of birth there is ageing and death ’? There is ageing; there is death. Therein what is ageing? That which for this or that state is ageing, decrepitude, the dwindling of life. This is called ageing. Therein what is death? That which for this or that state is destruction, decay, breaking up, disintegration, impermanence, disappearance. This is called death. Thus is this ageing and this death. This is called ‘because of birth there is ageing and death’.

Thus is the combination, the assemblage, the collocation, the appearance of this whole mass of suffering. Therefore this is called ‘thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering’. (1)
 * Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering ’ means : —

250. ... At that time because of ignorance there is activity ; because of activity there is consciousness ; because of consciousness there is mind ; because of mind there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is craving; [146] because of craving there is attachment; because of attachment there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth ; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

251. Therein what is ignorance? That which is absence of know- ledge, absence of vision, :P: barrier of ignorance, the bad root of dullness. This is called ignorance.

P = See para. 180.

Therein what is ‘because of ignorance there is activity’?

That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called ‘because of ignorance there is activity’.

Therein what is ‘because of activity there is consciousness ’ ? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation, :P : and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-consciousness-element. This is called ‘ because of activity there is consciousness’.

P = See para. 184.

Therein what is ‘because of consciousness there is mind’?

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The aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants. This is called ‘because of consciousness there is mind*.

‘Because of mind there is contact’, therein what is mind? With the exception of contact (it is) the aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants, aggregate of consciousness. This is called mind.

Therein what is ‘because of mind there is contact*? That which is contact, contacting, act of contacting, state of contacting. This is called ‘ because of mind there is contact \ :P : Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”. (2)

P = See para. 249.

252. ... At that time because of ignorance there is activity ; because of activity there is consciousness ; because of consciousness there is mind and matter; because of mind and matter there is the sixth base ; because of the sixth base there is contact ; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is craving; because of craving there is attachment ; because of attachment there is becom- ing; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

253. Therein what is ignorance? That which is absence of know- ledge, absence of vision, :P: barrier of ignorance, the bad root of dullness. This is called ignorance.

P = See para. 180.

Therein what is ‘because of ignorance there is activity*?

That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called ‘because of ignorance there is activity’.

Therein what is ‘because of activity there is consciousness * ? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation, :P : and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-consciousness-element. This is called ‘ because of activity there is consciousness’. [147]

P = See para. 184.

Therein what is ‘because of consciousness there is mind and matter*? There is mind; there is matter. Therein what is mind? The aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants. This is called mind. Therein what is matter? The initial arising of eye base; initial arising of ear base; initial arising of nose base; initial arising of tongue base; initial arising of

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body base; or whatever other material quality there is born of consciousness, caused by consciousness, generated by conscious- ness. This is called matter. Thus is this mind and this matter. This is called ‘ because of consciousness there is mind and matter’.

‘ Because of mind there is the sixth base’ ; there is mind; there is matter. Therein what is mind? The aggregate of feeling; aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants. This is called mind. Therein what is matter? That material quality depending on which mind-consciousness- element exists. This is called matter. Thus is this mind and this matter. This is called mind and matter.

Therein what is ‘because of mind and matter there is the sixth base ’ ? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation, : P : and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-consciousness-element. This is called ‘because of mind and matter there is the sixth base’.

P — See para. 184.

Therein what is ‘because of the sixth base there is contact’?

That which is contact, contacting, act of contacting, state of con- tacting. This is called ‘because of the sixth base there is contact’.
 * P: Therefore this is called ‘thus is the arising of this whole mass

of suffering’. (3)

P = See para. 249.

254. ... At that time because of ignorance there is activity ; because of activity there is consciousness ; because of consciousness there is mind and matter; because of mind and matter there are six bases; because of the sixth base there is contact ; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is craving; because of craving there is attachment; because of attachment there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth ; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

255. Therein what is ignorance? That which is absence of knowledge, absence of vision, : P : barrier of ignorance, the bad root of dullness. This is called ignorance.

p = See para. 180.

Therein what is ‘because of ignorance there is activity’?

That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called ‘because of ignorance there is activity’ [148]

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Therein what is ‘because of activity there is consciousness ’ ?

That which is consciousness, mind, ideation, :P; and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-consciousness-element. This is called ‘because of activity there is consciousness’.

P = See para. 184.

Therein what is ‘because of consciousness there is mind and matter’? There is mind; there is matter. Therein what is mind? The aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants. This is called mind. Therein what is matter? The initial arising of eye base; initial arising of ear base; initial arising of nose base; initial arising of tongue base; initial arising of body base ; or whatever other material quality there is born of consciousness, caused by consciousness, generated by consciousness. This is called matter. Thus is this mind and this matter. This is called ‘because of consciousness there is mind and matter’.

‘ Because of mind and matter there are six bases ’ ; there is mind ; there is matter. Therein what is mind? The aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants. This is called mind. Therein what is matter? The four great essentials and that material quality depending on which mind-consciousness- element exists. This is called matter. Thus is this mind and this matter. This is called mind and matter.

Therein what is ‘because of mind and matter there are six bases’? Eye base, ear base, nose base, tongue base, body base, mind base. This is called ‘because of mind and matter there are six bases’.

Therein what is ‘because of the sixth base there is contact’?

That which is contact, contacting, act of contacting, state of contacting. This is called ‘ because of the sixth base there is con- tact’. :P: Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”. (4)

p = See para, 249.

(HERE ENDS) CAUSAL TETRAD

6. ROOT TETRAD

256. ... At that time because of ignorance there is activity rooted in ignorance; because of activity there is consciousness rooted in

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activity ; because of consciousness there is mind rooted in conscious- ness; because of mind there is the sixth base rooted in mind; because of the sixth base there is contact rooted in the sixth base ; because of contact there is feeling rooted in contact; because of feeling there is craving rooted in feeling ; because of craving there is attachment rooted in craving; because of attachment there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

257. Therein what is ignorance? That which is absence of knowledge, absence of vision, :P: barrier of ignorance, the bad root of dullness. This is called ignorance.

P = See para. 180.

Therein what is ‘because of ignorance there is activity rooted in ignorance*? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called ‘because of ignorance there is activity rooted in ignorance’.

Therein what is ‘because of activity there is consciousness rooted in activity*? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation,
 * P: and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-consciousness-element.

This is called ‘ because of activity there is consciousness rooted in activity’.

P = See para. 184.

Therein what is ‘because of consciousness there is mind rooted in consciousness*? The aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants. This is called ‘be- cause of consciousness there is mind rooted in consciousness’.

Therein what is ‘because of mind there is the sixth base rooted in mind*? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation,
 * P: and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-consciousness-element.

This is called ‘because of mind there is the sixth base rooted in mind’.

P^See para. 184.

Therein what is ‘because of the sixth base there is contact rooted in the sixth base*? That which is contact, contacting, act of contacting, state of contacting. This is called ‘because of the sixth base there is contact rooted in the sixth base*.

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Therein what is because of contact there is feeling rooted in contact’? That which is mental ease, mental pleasure, easeful pleasant experience born of mental contact, easeful pleasant feeling born of mental contact. This is called ‘because of contact there is feeling rooted in contact’.

Therein what is ‘because of feeling there is craving rooted in feeling’? That which is lusting, infatuation, :P: infatuation of consciousness. This is called ‘because of feeling there is craving rooted in feeling’.

P = See para. 249.

Therein what is ‘because of craving there is attachment rooted in craving’? That which is wrong view, resorting to wrong view, :P: base of heresy, inverted grip. This is called ‘because of craving there is attachment rooted in craving’. :P: Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”. (1) (5) [150]

P = See para. 249.

258. ... At that time because of ignorance there is activity rooted in ignorance; because of activity there is consciousness rooted in activity ; because of consciousness there is mind rooted in conscious- ness; because of mind there is contact rooted in mind; because of contact there is feeling rooted in contact; because of feeling there is craving rooted in feeling; because of craving there is attachment rooted in craving; because of attachment there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

259. Therein what is ignorance? That which is absence of knowledge, absence of vision, :P: barrier of ignorance, the bad root of dullness. This is called ignorance.

P = See para. 180.

Therein what is ‘because of ignorance there is activity rooted in ignorance’? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called ‘because of ignorance there is activity rooted in ignorance’.

Therein what is ‘because of activity there is consciousness rooted in activity’? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation,

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 * P: and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-consciousness- element.

This is called ‘because of activity there is consciousness rooted in activity \

P = See para. 184.

Therein what is ‘because of consciousness there is mind rooted in consciousness’? The aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants. This is called ‘ because of consciousness there is mind rooted in consciousness \

‘Because of mind there is contact rooted in mind’, therein what is mind? With the exception of contact (it is) the aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants, aggregate of consciousness. This is called mind.

Therein what is ‘because of mind there is contact rooted in mind’? That which is contact, contacting, act of contacting, state of contacting. This is called ‘because of mind there is contact rooted in mind\ :P: Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”. (2) (6)

P sa See para. 249.

260. ... At that time because of ignorance there is activity rooted in ignorance; because of activity there is consciousness rooted in activity ; because of consciousness there is mind and matter rooted in consciousness ; because of mind and matter there is the sixth base rooted in mind and matter; because of the sixth base there is contact rooted in the sixth base; because of contact there is feeling rooted in contact; because of feeling there is craving rooted in feeling; because of craving there is attachment rooted in craving; because of attachment there is becoming; [151] because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

261. Therein what is ignorance? That which is absence of knowledge, absence of vision, :P: barrier of ignorance, the bad root of dullness. This is called ignorance.

^ = See para. 180.

Therein what is ‘because of ignorance there is activity rooted in ignorance’? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called ‘because of ignorance there is activity rooted in ignorance’.

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Therein what is ‘because of activity there is consciousness rooted in activity*? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation,
 * P: and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-consciousness-element.

This is called ‘ because of activity there is consciousness rooted in activity’.

P = See para. 184.

Therein what is ‘because of consciousness there is mind and matter rooted in consciousness*? There is mind; there is matter. Therein what is mind? The aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants. This is called mind. Therein what is matter? The initial arising of eye base; initial arising of ear base ; initial arising of nose base ; initial arising of tongue base; initial arising of body base; or whatever other material quality there is born of consciousness, caused by conscious- ness, generated by consciousness. This is called matter. Thus is this mind and this matter. This is called ‘ because of consciousness there is mind and matter rooted in consciousness’.

‘Because of mind and matter there is the sixth base rooted in mind and matter*, there is mind; there is matter. Therein what is mind? The aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants. This is called mind. Therein what is matter? That material quality depending on which mind- consciousness-element exists. This is called matter. Thus is this mind and this matter. This is called mind and matter.

Therein what is ‘because of mind and matter there is the sixth base rooted in mind and matter * ? That which is conscious- ness, mind, ideation, : P : and, depending on the aforesaid, mind- consciousness-element. This is called ‘ because of mind and matter there is the sixth base rooted in mind and matter*.

P = See para. 184.

Therein what is ‘because of the sixth base there is contact rooted in the sixth base*? That which is contact, contacting, act of contacting, state of contacting. This is called ‘because of the sixth base there is contact rooted in the sixth base*. :P: Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”. (3) (7) [152]

P = See para. 249.

262. ... At that time because of ignorance there is activity rooted in ignorance; because of activity there is consciousness rooted in

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activity ; because of consciousness there is mind and matter rooted in consciousness; because of mind and matter there are six bases rooted in mind and matter; because of the sixth base there is contact rooted in the sixth base ; because of contact there is feeling rooted in contact; because of feeling there is craving rooted in feeling; because of craving there is attachment rooted in craving; because of attachment there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth ; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

263. Therein what is ignorance? That which is absence of knowledge, absence of vision, :P: barrier of ignorance, the bad root of dullness. This is called ignorance.

P = See para. 180.

Therein what is ‘because of ignorance there is activity rooted in ignorance’? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called * because of ignorance there is activity rooted in ignorance'.

Therein what is ‘because of activity there is consciousness rooted in activity’? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation,


 * P : and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-consciousness-element.

This is called ‘ because of activity there is consciousness rooted in activity'.

P = See para. 184.

Therein what is ‘because of consciousness there is mind and matter rooted in consciousness’? There is mind; there is matter. Therein what is mind? The aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants. This is called mind. Therein what is matter? The initial arising of eye base; initial arising of ear base ; initial arising of nose base ; initial arising of tongue base; initial arising of body base; or whatever other material quality there is born of consciousness, caused by conscious- ness, generated by consciousness. This is called matter. Thus is this mind and this matter. This is called ‘ because of consciousness there is mind and matter rooted in consciousness '.

‘ Because of mind and matter there are six bases rooted in mind and matter', there is mind ; there is matter. Therein what is mind? The aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants. This is called mind. Therein what is matter?

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The four great essentials and that material quality depending on which mind-consciousness-element exists. This is called matter. Thus is this mind and this matter. This is called mind and matter.

Therein what is ‘because of mind and matter there are six bases rooted in mind and matter’? [153] Eye base, ear base, nose base, tongue base, body base, mind base. This is called ‘ because of mind and matter there are six bases rooted in mind and matter’.

Therein what is ‘because of the sixth base there is contact rooted in the sixth base’? That which is contact, contacting, act of contacting, state of contacting. This is called ‘because of the sixth base there is contact rooted in the sixth base’.

Therein what is ‘because of contact there is feeling rooted in contact’? That which is mental ease, mental pleasure, easeful pleasant experience born of mental contact, easeful pleasant feeling born of mental contact. This is called ‘ because of contact there is feeling rooted in contact’.

Therein what is ‘because of feeling there is craving rooted in feeling’? That which is lusting, infatuation, :P: infatuation of consciousness. This is called ‘because of feeling there is craving rooted in feeling’.

P = See para. 249.

Therein what is ‘because of craving there is attachment rooted in craving’? That which is wrong view, resorting to wrong view, :P: base of heresy, inverted grip. This is called ‘because of craving there is attachment rooted in craving’. :P: Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”. (4) (8)

P = See para. 249.

(HERE ENDS) ROOT TETRAD

7. ASSOCIATION TETRAD

264. ... At that time because of ignorance there is activity asso- ciated with ignorance; because of activity there is consciousness associated with activity; because of consciousness there is mind associated with consciousness; because of mind there is the sixth base associated with mind; because of the sixth base there is

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contact associated with the sixth base ; because of contact there is feeling associated with contact; because of feeling there is craving associated with feeling; because of craving there is attachment associated with craving; because of attachment there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

265. Therein what is ignorance? That which is absence of knowledge, absence of vision, :P: barrier of ignorance, the bad root of dullness. This is called ignorance.

P = See para. 180.

Therein what is ‘because of ignorance there is activity associated with ignorance*? That which is volition, being voli- tional, state of being volitional. This is called ‘ because of ignorance there is activity associated with ignorance'.

Therein what is ‘because of activity there is consciousness associated with activity*? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation, : P: and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-consciousness- element. This is called ‘because of activity there is consciousness associated with activity'.

P = See para. 184.

Therein what is ‘because of consciousness there is mind associated with consciousness*? The aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants. This is called ‘because of consciousness there is mind associated with consciousness'.

Therein what is ‘because of mind there is the sixth base associated with mind* ? [154] That which is consciousness, mind, ideation, : P : and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-consciousness- element. This is called ‘because of mind there is the sixth base associated with mind'.

P = See para. 184.

^herein what is ‘because of the sixth base there is contact associated with the sixth base*? That which is contact, contact- ing, act of contacting, state of contacting. This is called ‘because of the sixth base there is contact associated with the sixth base'.

Therein what is ‘because of contact there is feeling asso- ciated with contact'? That which is mental ease, mental pleasure,

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easeful pleasant experience born of mental contact, easeful pleasant feeling born of mental contact. This is called ‘because of contact there is feeling associated with contact'.

Therein what is ‘because of feeling there is craving asso- ciated with feeling’? That which is lusting, infatuation, :P: infatuation of consciousness. This is called ‘because of feeling there is craving associated with feeling’.

P = See para. 249.

Therein what is ‘because of craving there is attachment associated with craving’? That which is wrong view, resorting to wrong view, :P: base of heresy, inverted grip. This is called ‘because of craving there is attachment associated with craving’.
 * P: Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass

of suffering”. (1) (9)

P = See para. 249.

266. ... At that time because of ignorance there is activity asso- ciated with ignorance; because of activity there is consciousness associated with activity; because of consciousness there is mind associated with consciousness; because of mind there is contact associated with mind ; because of contact there is feeling associated with contact; because of feeling there is craving associated with feeling; because of craving there is attachment associated with craving; because of attachment there is becoming; Jbecause of becoming there is birth ; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

267. Therein what is ignorance? That which is absence of knowledge, absence of vision, : P : barrier of ignorance, the bad root of dullness. This is called ignorance.

P = See para. 180.

Therein what is ‘because of ignorance there is activity associated with ignorance’? [155] That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called ‘because of ignorance there is activity associated with ignorance’.

Therein what is ‘because of activity there is consciousness associated with activity’? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation, : P : and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-consciousness-

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element. This is called 'because of activity there is consciousness associated with activity’.

P = See para. 184.

Therein what is ‘because of consciousness there is mind associated with consciousness’? The aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants. This is called 'because of consciousness there is mind associated with consciousness’.

‘Because of mind there is contact associated with mind’, therein what is mind? With the exception of contact (it is) the aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomi- tants, aggregate of consciousness. This is called mind.

Therein what is ‘because of mind there is contact associated with mind’? That which is contact, contacting, act of contacting, state of contacting. This is called 'because of mind there is contact associated with mind’. :P: Therefore this is called "thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”. (2) (10)

P = See para. 249.

268. ... At that time because of ignorance there is activity asso- ciated with ignorance; because of activity there is consciousness associated with activity; because of consciousness there is mind and matter, mind associated with consciousness; because of mind and matter there is the sixth base associated with mind; because of the sixth base there is contact associated with the sixth base ; because of contact there is feeling associated with contact; because of feeling there is craving associated with feeling; because of craving there is attachment associated with craving; because of attachment there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

269. Therein what is ignorance? That which is absence of knowledge, absence of vision, : P : barrier of ignorance, the bad root of dullness. This is called ignorance.

P = See para. 180.

Therein what is ‘because of ignorance there is activity associated with ignorance’? That which is volition, being

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volitional, state of being volitional. This is called ‘because of ignorance there is activity associated with ignorance*. [156]

Therein what is ‘because of activity there is consciousness associated with activity’? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation, : P : and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-consciousness- element. This is called ‘ because of activity there is consciousness associated with activity*.

P = See para. 184.

Therein what is ‘because of consciousness there is mind and matter, mind associated with consciousness’? There is mind; there is matter. Therein what is mind? The aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants. This is called mind. Therein what is matter? The initial arising of eye base; initial arising of ear base; initial arising of nose base; initial arising of tongue base; initial arising of body base; or what- ever other material quality there is born of consciousness, caused by consciousness, generated by consciousness. This is called matter. Thus is this mind and this matter. This is called ‘because of consciousness there is mind and matter, mind associated with consciousness*.

‘Because of mind and matter there is the sixth base associated with mind*, there is mind; there is matter. Therein what is mind? The aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants. This is called mind. Therein what is matter? That material quality depending on which mind-consciousness- element exists. This is called matter. Thus is this mind and this matter. This is called mind and matter.

Therein what is ‘because of mind and matter there is the sixth base associated with mind’? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation, :P: and, depending on the aforesaid, mind- consciousness-element. This is called ‘because of mind and matter there is the sixth base associated with mind*.

P = See para. 184.

Therein what is ‘because of the sixth base there is contact associated with the sixth base’? That which is contact, con- tacting, act of contacting, state of contacting. This is called ‘ because of the sixth base there is contact associated with the sixth base*.
 * P: Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass

of suffering**. (3) (11)

P — See para. 249.

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270. ... At that time because of ignorance there is activity asso- ciated with ignorance; because of activity there is consciousness associated with activity; because of consciousness there is mind and matter, mind associated with consciousness; because of mind and matter there are six bases, the sixth base associated with mind ; because of the sixth base there is contact associated with the sixth base; because of contact [ 157 ] there is feeling associated with contact; because of feeling there is craving associated with feeling; because of craving there is attachment associated with craving; because of attachment there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth ; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

271. Therein what is ignorance? That which is absence of knowledge, absence of vision, :P: barrier of ignorance, the bad root of dullness. This is called ignorance.

P = See para. 180.

Therein what is ‘because of ignorance there is activity associated with ignorance’? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called ‘because of ignorance there is activity associated with ignorance’.

Therein what is ‘because of activity there is consciousness associated with activity’? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation, : P : and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-consciousness- element. This is called ‘ because of activity there is consciousness associated with activity’.

P = See para. 184.

Therein what is ‘because of consciousness there is mind and matter, mind associated with consciousness’? There is mind; there is matter. Therein what is mind? The aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception; aggregate of mental concomitants. This is called mind. Therein what is matter? The initial arising of eye base; initial arising of ear base; initial arising of nose base; initial arising of tongue base ; initial arising of body base ; or whatever other material quality there is born of consciousness, caused by consciousness, generated by consciousness. This is called matter. Thus is this mind and this matter. This is called ‘because of consciousness there is mind and matter, mind associated with consciousness’.

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‘ Because of mind and matter there are six bases, the sixth base associated with mind’, there is mind; there is matter. Therein what is mind? The aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants. This is called mind. Therein what is matter? The four great essentials and that material quality depending on which mind-consciousness-element exists. This is called matter. Thus is this mind and this matter. This is called mind and matter.

Therein what is ‘because of mind and matter there are six bases, the sixth base associated with mind’? Eye base, ear base, nose base, tongue base, body base, mind base. This is called ‘because of mind and matter there are six bases, the sixth base associated with mind ’• [158]

Therein what is ‘because of the sixth base there is contact associated with the sixth base’? That which is contact, con- tacting, act of contacting, state of contacting. This is called ‘be- cause of the sixth base there is contact associated with the sixth base’. :P: Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”. (4) (12)

P = See para. 249.

(HERE ENDS) ASSOCIATION TETRAD

8. RECIPROCITY TETRAD

272. ... At that time because of ignorance there is activity; also because of activity there is ignorance. Because of activity there is consciousness; also because of consciousness there is activity. Because of consciousness there is mind; also because of mind there is consciousness. Because of mind there is the sixth base; also because of the sixth base there is mind. Because of the sixth base there is contact ; also because of contact there is the sixth base. Because of contact there is feeling; also because of feeling there is contact. Because of feeling there is craving; also because of craving there is feeling. Because of craving there is attachment; also because of attachment there is craving. Because of attachment there is becoming ; because of becoming there is birth ; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

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273. Therein what is ignorance? That which is absence of knowledge, absence of vision, : P : barrier of ignorance, the bad root of dullness. This is called ignorance.

P = See para. 180.

Therein what is ‘because of ignorance there is activity’?

That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called ‘because of ignorance there is activity \

Therein what is ‘also because of activity there is ignorance ’? That which is absence of knowledge, absence of vision, :P: barrier of ignorance, the bad root of dullness. This is called ‘also because of activity there is ignorance ’.

P = See para. 180.

Therein what is ‘because of activity there is consciousness ’? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation, :P: and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-consciousness-element. This is called ‘because of activity there is consciousness’.

P = See para. 184.

Therein what is ‘also because of consciousness there is activity’? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called ‘also because of consciousness there is activity’.

Therein what is ‘because of consciousness there is mind’?

The aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants. This is called ‘ because of consciousness there is mind’.

Therein what is ‘also because of mind there is conscious- ness’? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation, :P: and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-consciousness-element. This is called ‘also because of mind there is consciousness ’• [159]

P = See para. 184.

Therein what is ‘because of mind there is the sixth base’? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation, :P: and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-consciousness-element. This is called ‘ because of mind there is the sixth base’.

P = See para. 184.

Therein what is ‘also because of the sixth base there is mind’? The aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggre-

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gate of mental concomitants. This is called ‘also because of the sixth base there is mind’.

Therein what is ‘because of the sixth base there is contact*? That which is contact, contacting, act of contacting, state of contacting. This is called ‘ because of the sixth base there is contact \ Therein what is ‘also because of contact there is the sixth base*? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation, :P: and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-consciousness-element. This is called ‘also because of contact there is the sixth base’.

P = See para. 184.

Therein what is ‘because of contact there is feeling*? That which is mental ease, mental pleasure, easeful pleasant experience born of mental contact, easeful pleasant feeling born of mental contact. This is called ‘because of contact there is feeling*.

Therein what is ‘also because of feeling there is contact*? That which is contact, contacting, act of contacting, state of contact- ing. This is called ‘also because of feeling there is contact*.

Therein what is ‘because of feeling there is craving*? That which is lusting, infatuation, : P : infatuation of consciousness. This is called ‘because of feeling there is craving*.

P = See para. 249.

Therein what is ‘also because of craving there is feeling*?

That which is mental ease, mental pleasure, easeful pleasant experience born of mental contact, easeful pleasant feeling born of mental contact. This is called ‘also because of craving there is feeling*.

Therein what is ‘because of craving there is attachment’?

That which is wrong view, resorting to wrong view, :P: base of heresy, inverted grip. This is called ‘because of craving there is attachment*.

P = See para. 249.

Therein what is ‘also because of attachment there is craving’? That which is lusting, :P: infatuation of consciousness. This is called ‘also because of attachment there is craving*.

P = See para. 249.

Therein what is ‘because of attachment there is becoming*?

With the exception of attachment (it is) the aggregate of feeling,

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a gg re g a t e of perception, a ggreg a te of mental concomitants, aggre- g a te of consciousness. This is called 4 bemuse of att a chment there is becoming’.

Therein what is ‘because of becoming there is birth’? That which for this or that state is birth, genesis, existence, full existence, appearance. This is called ‘because of becoming there is birth’.

Therein what is ‘because of birth there is ageing and death’? There is ageing; there is death. Therein what is ageing? That which for this or that state is ageing, decrepitude, the dwind- ling of life. [160] This is called ageing. Therein what is death? That which for this or that state is destruction, decay, breaking up, disintegration, impermanence, disappearance. This is called death. Thus is this ageing and this death. This is called ‘because of birth there is ageing and death’.

‘Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering’ means: Thus is the combination, the assemblage, the collocation, the appearance of this whole mass of suffering. Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”. (1) (13)

274. ... At that time because of ignorance there is activity; also because of activity there is ignorance. Because of activity there is consciousness; also because of consciousness there is activity. Because of consciousness there is mind ; also because of mind there is consciousness. Because of mind there is contact ; also because of contact there is mind. Because of contact there is feeling; also because of feeling there is contact. Because of feeling there is craving ; also because of craving there is feeling. Because of craving there is attachment; also because of attachment there is craving. Because of attachment there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

275. Therein what is ignorance? That which is absence of knowledge, absence of vision, :P: barrier of ignorance, the bad root^of dullness. This is called ignorance.

P = See para. 180.

Therein what is ‘because of ignorance there is activity’?

That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called ‘because of ignorance there is activity’.

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Therein what is ‘also because of activity there is ignorance ’?

That which is absence of knowledge, absence of vision,: P: barrier of ignorance, the bad root of dullness. This is called ‘ also because of activity there is ignorance ’.

P = See para. 180.

Therein what is ‘because of activity there is consciousness ’ ?

That which is consciousness, mind, ideation, :P: and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-consciousness-element. This is called 'because of activity there is consciousness'.

P = See para. 1 84.

Therein what is ‘also because of consciousness there is activity’? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called 'also because of consciousness there is activity’.

Therein what is ‘because of consciousness there is mind’?

The aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants. This is called 'because of consciousness there is mind’.

Therein what is ‘also because of mind there is conscious- ness \? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation, :P: and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-consciousness-element. This is called 'also because of mind there is consciousness \ [ 161 ]

P = See para. 184.

‘Because of mind there is contact’, therein what is mind? With the exception of contact (it is) the aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants, aggregate of consciousness. This is called mind.

Therein what is ‘because of mind there is contact’? That which is contact, contacting, act of contacting, state of contacting. This is called 'because of mind there is contact’.

Therein what is ‘also because of contact there is mind’? The aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants, aggregate of consciousness. This is called ‘also because of contact there is mind’. :P: Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”. (2) (14)

P = See para. 249.

276. ... At that time because of ignorance there is activity; also because of activity there is ignorance. Because of activity there is

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consciousness; also because of consciousness there is activity. Because of consciousness there is mind and matter; also because of mind and matter there is consciousness. Because of mind and matter there is the sixth base; also because of the sixth base there is mind and matter. Because of the sixth base there is contact; also because of contact there is the sixth base. Because of contact there is feeling ; also because of feeling there is contact. Because of feeling there is craving; also because of craving there is feeling. Because of craving there is attachment ; also because of attachment there is craving. Because of attachment there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

277. Therein what is ignorance? That which is absence of knowledge, absence of vision, :P: barrier of ignorance, the bad root of dullness. This is called ignorance.

P—See para. 180.

Therein what is ‘because of ignorance there is activity 5 ?

That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called ‘because of ignorance there is activity 5.

Therein what is ‘also because of activity there is ignorance 5 ? That which is absence of knowledge, absence of vision, : P : barrier of ignorance, the bad root of dullness. This is called ‘also because of activity there is ignorance 5.

P = See para. 180.

Therein what is ‘because of activity there is consciousness ’?

That which is consciousness, mind, ideation, :P: and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-consciousness-element. This is called ‘because of activity there is consciousness 5.

P — See para. 184.

Therein what is ‘also because of consciousness there is activity 5 ? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called ‘also because of consciousness there is activity 5.

Therein what is ‘because of consciousness there is mind and matter 5 ? There is mind; there is matter. Therein what is mind? The aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants. This is called mind. Therein what is

10 +

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matter? [ 162 ] The initial arising of eye base; initial arising of ear base; initial arising of nose base; initial arising of tongue base; initial arising of body base; or whatever other material quality there is born of consciousness, caused by consciousness, generated by consciousness. This is called matter. Thus is this mind and this matter. This is called ' because of consciousness there is mind and matter’.

'Also because of mind and matter there is consciousness’, there is mind; there is matter. Therein what is mind? The aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants. This is called mind. Therein what is matter? That material quality depending on which mind-consciousness-element exists. This is called matter. Thus is this mind and this matter. This is called mind and matter.

Therein what is ‘also because of mind and matter there is consciousness’? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation,
 * P: and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-consciousness-element.

This is called 'also because of mind and matter there is conscious- ness \

P = See para. 184.

'Because of mind and matter there is the sixth base’, there is mind; there is matter. Therein what is mind? The aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants. This is called mind. Therein what is matter? That material quality depending on which mind-consciousness- element exists. This is called matter. Thus is this mind and this matter. This is called mind and matter.

Therein what is 'because of mind and matter there is the sixth base’? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation, :P: and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-consciousness-element. This is called ‘ because of mind and matter there is the sixth base ’.

P = See para. 184.

Therein what is 'also because of the sixth base there is mind and matter’? There is mind; there is matter. Therein what is mind? The aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants. This is called mind. Therein what is matter? The initial arising of eye base; initial arising of ear base; initial arising of nose base; initial arising of tongue base; initial

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arising of body base; or whatever other material quality there is born of consciousness, caused by consciousness, generated by consciousness. This is called matter. Thus is this mind and this matter. This is called ‘also because of the sixth base there is mind and matter’.

Therein what is ‘because of the sixth base there is contact*?

That which is contact, contacting, act of contacting, state of contact- ing. This is called ‘because of the sixth base there is contact*.

Therein what is ‘also because of contact there is the sixth base’? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation, : P 1 : and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-consciousness-element. This is called ‘also because of contact there is the sixth base’. :P 2 : There- fore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffer- ing”. (3) (15) [ 163 ]

P l = See para. 184. P 2 = See para. 249.

278. ... At that time because of ignorance there is activity; also because of activity there is ignorance. Because of activity there is consciousness; also because of consciousness there is activity. Because of consciousness there is mind and matter; also because of mind and matter there is consciousness. Because of mind and matter there are six bases; also because of the sixth base there is mind and matter. Because of the sixth base there is contact; also because of contact there is the sixth base. Because of contact there is feeling; also because of feeling there is contact. Be- cause of feeling there is craving; also because of craving there is feeling. Because of craving there is attachment; also because of attachment there is craving. Because of attachment there is becom- ing; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

279. Therein what is ignorance? That which is absence of knowledge, absence of vision, :P: barrier of ignorance, the bad root of dullness. This is called ignorance.

P = See para. 180.

Therein what is ‘because of ignorance there is activity*?

That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called ‘ because of ignorance there is activity *.

Therein what is ‘also because of activity there is ignorance ’ ? That which is absence of knowledge, absence of vision, : P : barrier

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of ignorance, the bad root of dullness. This is called ‘also because of activity there is ignorance’.

P = See para. 180.

Therein what is ‘because of activity there is consciousness 9 ?

That which is consciousness, mind, ideation, : P : and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-consciousness-element. This is called ‘because of activity there is consciousness’.

P = See para. 184.

Therein what is ‘also because of consciousness there is activity’? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called ‘also because of consciousness there is activity’.

Therein what is ‘because of consciousness there is mind and matter’? There is mind; there is matter. Therein what is mind? The aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants. This is called mind. Therein what is matter? The initial arising of eye base; initial arising of ear base; initial arising of nose base; initial arising of tongue base; initial arising of body base; or whatever other material quality there is born of consciousness, caused by consciousness, generated by conscious- ness. This is called matter. Thus is this mind and this matter. This is called ‘because of consciousness there is mind and matter’.

‘Also because of mind and matter there is consciousness’, there is mind; there is matter. Therein what is mind? The aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants. This is called mind. Therein what is matter? That material quality depending on which mind-consciousness-element exists. This is called matter. Thus is this mind and this matter. This is called mind and matter. [ 164 ]

Therein what is ‘also because of mind and matter there is consciousness’? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation, :P: and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-consciousness-element. This is called ‘ also because of mind and matter there is consciousness ’.

P = See para. 184.

‘Because of mind and matter there are six bases’, there is mind; there is matter. Therein what is mind? The aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants. This is called mind. Therein what is matter? The four great essentials and

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that material quality depending on which mind-consciousness- element exists. This is called matter. Thus is this mind and this matter. This is called mind and matter.

Therein what is ‘because of mind and matter there are six bases’? Eye base, ear base, nose base, tongue base, body base, mind base. This is called ‘because of mind and matter there are six bases ’.

Therein what is ‘also because of the sixth base there is mind and matter’? There is mind; there is matter. Therein what is mind? The aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants. This is called mind. Therein what is matter? The initial arising of eye base; initial arising of ear base; initial arising of nose base; initial arising of tongue base; initial arising of body base; or whatever other material quality there is born of consciousness, caused by consciousness, generated by consciousness. This is called matter. Thus is this mind and this matter. This is called ‘ also because of the sixth base there is mind and matter’.

Therein what is ‘because of the sixth base there is contact’?

That which is contact, contacting, act of contacting, state of contact- ing. This is called ‘because of the sixth base there is contact’.

Therein what is ‘also because of contact there is the sixth base’? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation, :P: and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-consciousness-element. This is called ‘ also because of contact there is the sixth base. ’

P = See para. 184.

Therein what is ‘because of contact there is feeling’? That which is mental ease, mental pleasure, easeful pleasant experience born of mental contact, easeful pleasant feeling born of mental contact. This is called ‘because of contact there is feeling’. :P: Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”. (4) (16)

P = See para. 249.

. (HERE ENDS) RECIPROCITY TETRAD

9. EXPOSITION OF BAD STATES

280. What states are bad? At the time when bad consciousness arises accompanied by mental pleasure, associated with wrong

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view, with instigation, : P 1 : accompanied by mental pleasure, not associated with wrong view, [165] having visible object, : P 2 : accompanied by mental pleasure, not associated with wrong view, With instigation, having visible object, audible object, odorous object, sapid object, tangible object, ideational object or is concer- ned with whatever (object); at that time because of ignorance there is activity ; because of activity there is consciousness ; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is » the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is craving; because of craving there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this 'whole mass of suffering.

P^See paras. 248-279 inclusive.

P 2 = Complete as following example.

281. Therein what is ignorance? That which is absence of knowledge, absence of vision, : P : barrier of ignorance, the bad root of dullness. This is called ignorance.

P = See para. 180.

Therein what is ‘because of ignorance there is activity’?

That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called ‘ because of ignorance there is activity \ : P :

P = See para. 249.

Therein what is ‘because of craving there is decision’?

That which is decision of consciousness, being decisive, state of decision of that (consciousness). This is called ‘ because of craving there is decision’.

Therein what is ‘because of decision there is becoming’?

With the exception of decision (it is) the aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants, aggregate of consciousness. This called 'because of decision there is becoming’. :P: Therefore this is called "thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

P — See paras. 249-279 inclusive, with appropriate modifications for ‘deci- sion \

282. What states are bad? At the time when bad consciousness arises, accompanied by indifference, associated with wrong view,

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having visible object, audible object, odorous object, sapid object tangible object, ideational object or is concerned with whatever (object); at that time because of ignorance there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling;, because of feeling there is craving; because of craving there is attachment; because of attachment there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

283. [166] Therein what is ignorance? That which is absence of knowledge, absence of vision, : P 1 : barrier of ignorance, the bad root of dullness. This is called ignorance. :P 2 :

P 1; =See para. 180. P 2 = See para. 249.

Therein what is ‘because of contact there is feeling’?

That which is neither mental ease nor uneasiness ; neither-painful- nor-pleasant experience born of mental contact; neither-painful- nor-pleasant feeling born of mental contact. This is called ‘ because of contact there is feeling’. :P: Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

P = See paras. 249-279 inclusive, with appropriate modifications for ‘in- difference’.

284. What states are bad? At the time when bad consciousness arises accompanied by indifference, associated with wrong view, with instigation, : P 1 : accompanied by indifference, not associated with wrong view, having visible object, :P 2 : accompanied by indifference, not associated with wrong view, with instigation, having visible object, audible object, odorous object, sapid object, tangible object, ideational object or is concerned with whatever (object) ; at that time because of ignorance there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is craving; because of craving there is decision ; because of decision there is becoming; because of becom-

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ing there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

P 1 = See paras. 248-279 inclusive, with appropriate modifications for ‘in- difference’.

P 2 = Complete as following example.

285. Therein what is ignorance? :P: Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

P = See paras. 249-279 inclusive, with appropriate modifications for ‘in- difference’ and ‘decision’.

286. What states are bad? At the time when bad consciousness arises accompanied by mental pain, associated with repulsion, having visible object, :P: accompanied by mental pain, associated with repulsion, with instigation, having visible object, audible object, odorous object, sapid object, tangible object, ideational object or is concerned with whatever (object); at that time because of ignorance there is activity; because of activity there is conscious- ness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling.. th ere is repulsion; because of repulsion there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

P = Complete as following example.

287. Therein what is ignorance? That which is absence of know- ledge, absence of vision, : P 1 : barrier of ignorance, the bad root of dullness. This is called ignorance. :P 2 : This is called ‘because of the sixth base there is contact*.

P 1 = See para. 180. P 2 = See para. 249.

Therein what is ‘because of contact there is feeling’? [ 167 ] That which is mental uneasiness, mental pain, uneasy painful experience born of mental contact, uneasy painful feeling born of mental contact. This is called ‘because of contact there is feeling*.

Therein what is ‘because of feeling there is repulsion’?

That which is vexation of consciousness, :P: ferocity, abruptness,

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absence of delight of consciousness. This is called ‘because of feeling there is repulsion'.

P = See para. 182.

Therein what is ‘because of repulsion there is decision’?

That which is decision of consciousness, being decisive, state of decision of that (consciousness). This is called ‘because of repul- sion there is decision’.

Therein what is ‘because of decision there is becoming’?

With the exception of decision (it is) the aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants, aggregate of consciousness. This is called ‘because of decision there is becoming’. :P: Therefore this is called “thus is the aris- ing of this whole mass of suffering".

P = See paras. 249-279 with appropriate modifications for ‘mental pain’, ‘repulsion’ and ‘decision’.

288. What states are bad? At the time when bad consciousness arises accompanied by indifference, associated with doubt, having visible object, audible object, odorous object, sapid object, tangible object, ideational object or is concerned with whatever (object); at that time because of ignorance there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is doubt; because of doubt there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

289. Therein what is ignorance? That which is absence of know- ledge, absence of vision, : P 1 : barrier of ignorance, the bad root of dullness. This called ignorance. :P 2 : This is called ‘because of the sixth base there is contact’.

P 1 = See para. 180. P 2 = See para. 249.

I*

Therein what is ‘because of contact there is feeling’?

That which is neither mental ease nor uneasiness, neither-painful- nor-pleasant experience born of mental contact, neither-painful- nor-pleasant feeling born of mental contact. This is called ‘because of contact there is feeling’. [168]

10 *

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Therein what is ‘because of feeling there is doubt’? That which is puzzlement, being puzzled, state of being puzzled, perplexity, doubt, oscillation, dual path, fluctuation, uncertainty of grip, evasion, hesitation, not plunging in, rigidity of conscious- ness, mental scarifying. This is called ‘ because of feeling there is doubt’.

Therein what is ‘because of doubt there is becoming’?

With the exception of doubt (it is) the aggregate of feeling, aggre- gate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants, aggregate of consciousness. This is called ‘because of doubt there is becom- ing’. :P: Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

P = See paras. 249-279 inclusive with appropriate modifications for * in- difference * and ‘doubt’.

290. What states are bad? At the time when bad consciousness arises accompanied by indifference, associated with distraction, having visible object, audible object, odorous object, sapid object, tangible object, ideational object or is concerned with whatever (object) ; at that time because of ignorance there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is distraction; because of distraction there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

291. Therein what is ignorance? That which is absence of knowledge, absence of vision, : P 1 : barrier of ignorance, the bad root of dullness. This called ignorance. :P 2 : This is called ‘because of the sixth base there is contact’.

P 1 = See para. 180. P 2 = See para. 249.

Therein what is ‘because of contact there is feeling’?

That which is neither mental ease nor uneasiness, neither-painful- nor-pleasant experience born of mental contact, neither-painful- nor-pleasant feeling born of mental contact. This is called ‘ because of contact there is feeling’.

Therein what is ‘because of feeling there is distraction’ ?

That which is distraction of consciousness, disquietude, mental

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wavering, turmoil of consciousness. This is called ‘because of feeling there is distraction \

Therein what is ‘because of distraction there is decision’? [169] That which is decision of consciousness, being decisive, state of decision of that (consciousness). This is called ‘because of distraction there is decision’.

Therein what is ‘because of decision there is becoming’?

With the exception of decision (it is) the aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants, aggre- gate of consciousness. This is called ‘because of decision there is becoming’. :P: Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

P = See paras. 249-279 inclusive with appropriate modifications for ‘in- difference’, ‘distraction’ and ‘decision’.

(HERE ENDS) EXPOSITION OF BAD STATES

10. EXPOSITION OF GOOD STATES

292. What states are good? At the time when good consciousness characteristic of the plane of desire arises accompanied by mental pleasure, associated with knowledge, having visible object, audible object, odorous object, sapid object, tangible object, ideational object or is concerned with whatever (object); at that time because of good roots there is activity ; because of activity there is conscious- ness ; because of consciousness there is mind ; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth ; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

293. Therein what are good roots? Absence of greed, absence of hatred, absence of dullness.

^Therein what is absence of greed? That which is absence of greed, absence of being greedy, state of absence of being greedy, absence of lust, absence of being lustful, state of absence of being lustful, absence of covetousness, the good root of absence of greed. This is called absence of greed.

Therein what is absence of hatred? That which is absence of

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hatred, absence of being hateful, state of absence of being hateful, absence of illwill, state of absence of illwill, the good root of absence of hatred. This is called absence of hatred.

Therein what is absence of dullness? That which is wisdom, understanding, :P: absence of dullness, truth investigation, right view. This is called absence of dullness. These are called good roots. [170]

P = See para. 525.

Therein what is ‘because of good roots there is activity’?

That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called ‘because of good roots there is activity’.

Therein what is ‘because of activity there is consciousness * ?


 * P : Because of consciousness there is mind. : P : Because of mind

there is the sixth base. :P: Because of the sixth base there is contact. :P: Because of contact there is feeling. :P: This is called ‘because of contact there is feeling’.

P = See para. 249.

Therein what is ‘because of feeling there is faith’? That which is confidence, being confident, trust, implicit faith. This is called ‘because of feeling there is faith’.

Therein what is ‘because of faith there is decision’? That which is decision of consciousness, being decisive, state of decision of that (consciousness). This is called ‘because of faith there is decision’.

Therein what is ‘because of decision there is becoming’?

With the exception of becoming (it is) the aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants, aggregate of consciousness. This is called ‘because of decision there is becoming’. : P : Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

P = See paras. 249-279 inclusive with appropriate modifications for ‘good roots’, ‘faith 5 and ‘decision 5.

294. What states are good? At the time when good consciousness characteristic of the plane of desire arises accompanied by mental pleasure, associated with knowledge, with instigation, having visible object, iP 1 : accompanied by mental pleasure, not associa- ted with knowledge, having visible object, :P 2 : accompanied by

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mental pleasure, not associated with knowledge, with instigation, having visible object, audible object, odorous object, sapid object, tangible object, ideational object or is concerned with whatever (object); at that time because of good roots there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness ; because of consciousness there is mind ; because of mind there is the sixth base ; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

P*s=See paras. 292 and 293. P 2 — Complete as following example.

295. Therein what are good roots? Absence of greed, absence of hatred.

Therein what is absence of greed? That which is absence of greed, absence of being greedy, state of absence of being greedy, absence of lust, absence of being lustful, state of absence of being lustful, absence of covetousness, the good root of absence of greed. This is called absence of greed.

Therein what is absence of hatred? That which is absence of hatred, absence of being hateful, state of absence of being hateful, absence of illwill, state of absence of illwill, the good root of absence of hatred. This is called absence of hatred. These are called good roots.

Therein what is ‘because of good roots there is activity*?

That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called ‘because of good roots there is activity’. :P: This is called ‘because of the sixth base there is contact’.

P = See para. 293.

Therein what is ‘because of contact there is feeling*?

That which is mental ease, mental pleasure, easeful pleasant experience born of mental contact, easeful pleasant feeling born of mental contact. This is called ‘because of contact there is feeling’. :P: Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

P = See paras. 249-279 inclusive with appropriate modifications for ‘good roots’, ‘faith’ and ‘decision’.

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296. What states are good? At the time when good consciousness characteristic of the plane of desire arises accompanied by indif- ference, associated with knowledge, having visible object, :P: accompanied by indifference, associated with knowledge, with instigation, having visible object, audible object, odorous object, sapid object, tangible object, ideational object or is concerned with whatever (object); at that time because of good roots there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base ; because of the sixth base there is contact ; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth ; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

P = Complete as following example.

297. Therein what are good roots? Absence of greed, absence of hatred, absence of dullness. These are called good roots.

Therein what is ‘because of good roots there is activity’? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called ‘because of good roots there is activity’. :P: There- fore this is called ‘because of the sixth base there is contact’.

P = See para. 293,

Therein what is ‘because of contact there is feeling’?

That which is neither mental ease nor uneasiness, neither-painful- nor-pleasant experience born of mental contact, neither-painful- nor-pleasant feeling born of mental contact. This is called ‘ because of contact there is feeling’. :P: Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

P = See paras. 249-279 inclusive with appropriate modifications for ‘good roots’, ‘indifference’, ‘faith’ and ‘decision’.

298. What states are good? At the time when good consciousness characteristic of the plane of desire arises accompanied by indif- ference, not associated with knowledge, having visible object,
 * P: accompanied by indifference, not associated with knowledge,

with instigation, having visible object, audible object, odorous object, sapid object, tangible object, ideational object or is con- cerned with whatever (object) ; at that time because of good roots^

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there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness ; because of consciousness there is mind ; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering. [ 171 ]

P = Complete as following example.

299. Therein what are good roots? Absence of greed, absence of hatred. These are called good roots.

Therein what is ‘because of good roots there is activity’? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called ‘because of good roots there is activity’. :P: There- fore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffer- mg.

P = See paras. 249-279 inclusive with appropriate modifications for ‘good roots’, ‘indifference’, ‘faith’ and ‘decision’,

300. What states are good? At the time when (a bhikkhu) develops the path for rebirth in the plane of form, he, aloof from sense pleasures, : P : attains and dwells in earth device first ihana ; at that time because of good roots there is activity; [ 172 ] because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind ; because of mind there is the sixth base ; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

P = See para. 205.

301. Therein what are good roots? Absence of greed, absence of hatred, absence of dullness. These are called good roots.

Therein what is ‘because of good roots there is activity’? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called ‘because of good roots there is activity’. :P: There- fore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

P = See paras. 249-279 inclusive with appropriate modifications for ‘good roots’, ‘faith’ and ‘decision’.

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302. What states are good? At the time when (a bhikkhu) develops the path for rebirth in the formless plane, he, having wholly passed the state of nothingness, having abandoned pleasure, :P: attains and dwells in the fourth jhana accompanied by perception of the state that is neither perception nor non-perception ; at that time because of good roots there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base ; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

P = See para. 205.

303. Therein what are good roots? Absence of greed, absence of hatred, absence of dullness. These are called good roots.

Therein what is ‘because of good roots there is activity’? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called ‘because of good roots there is activity’. :P: This is called ‘because of the sixth base there is contact*.

P = See para. 293.

Therein what is ‘because of contact there is feeling*? That which is mental ease, mental pleasure, easeful pleasant experience born of mental contact, easeful pleasant feeling born of mental contact.* This is called ‘because of contact there is feeling’.
 * P: Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass

of suffering”.

P = See paras. 249-279 inclusive with appropriate modifications for ‘good roots *, * indifference’, ‘faith’ and ‘decision*.

here to be in error, as feeling in arupa jhana is ‘ neither-painful-nor-pleasant’.
 * 1) This and some other texts from Burma, Ceylon and P.T.S. would seem

It should therefore read as in para. 297. Certain texts from Thailand give this latter reading.

304. What states are good? At the time when (a bhikkhu) develops supramundane jhana tending to release, dispersive of continuing rebirth and death; he, for the abandoning of wrong view, for the \ y * entering of the first stage, aloof from sense pleasures, [173] :P: attains and dwells in the first jhana that is hard practice and

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knowledge slowly acquired; at that time because of good roots there is activity ; because of activity there is consciousness ; Because of consciousness there is mind ; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith ther e is d ecision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth ; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of these states.

P = See para. 205.

305. Therein what are good roots? Absence of greed, absence of hatred, absence of dullness.

Therein what is absence of greed. :P X : Absence of hatred.


 * P 1 : Absence of dullness? That which is wisdom, understanding,
 * P 2 : absence of dullness, truth investigation, right view, truth

investigation-enlightenment-factor, path constituent, included in the path. This is called absence of dullness. These are called good roots.

P^See para. 293. P 2 = See para. 525.

Therein what is ‘because of good roots there is activity’?

That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This called ‘because of good roots there is activity’. :P: This is called ‘because of the sixth base there is contact’.

P = See para. 293.

Therein what is ‘because of contact there is feeling’? That which is mental ease, mental pleasure, easeful pleasant experience born of mental contact, easeful pleasant feeling born of mental contact. This is called ‘because of contact there is feeling’.

Therein what is ‘because of feeling there is faith’? That which is confidence, being confident, trust, implicit faith. This is called ‘because of feeling there is faith 5.

Therein what is ‘because of faith there is decision’? That which is decision of consciousness, being decisive, state of decision of that (consciousness). This is called ‘because of faith there is dedsion 5.

Therein what is ‘because of decision there is becoming’?

With the exception of decision (it is) the aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants, aggre- gate of consciousness. This is called ‘because of decision there is

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becoming’. :P: This is called 'because of birth there is ageing and death’.

P = See paras. 249-279 inc. with appropriate modifications for ‘good roots’ ‘faith’ and ‘decision’.

■ Thus is the arising of these states means: — Thus is the com- bination, the assemblage, the collocation, the appearance of these states. Therefore this is called "thus is the arising of these states”.

(HERE ENDS) EXPOSITION OF GOOD STATES

11. EXPOSITION OF NEITHER-GOOD-NOR-BAD STATES

306. What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when having done, having accumulated good action characteristic of the plane of desire there arises resultant^ eye consciousness accom- panied by indifference, having visible object ; at that time because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is

/ fj mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the 1 sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth ; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

307. Therein what is activity? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called activity.

Therein what is ‘because of activity there is consciousness ’? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation, :P: and, depending on the aforesaid, eye-consciousness-element. This is called ‘because of activity there is consciousness’.

P = See para. 184.

Therein what is ‘because of consciousness there is mind’? [174] The aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants. This is called ‘because of consciousness there is mind’.

Therein what is ‘because of mind there is the sixth base’?

That which is consciousness, mind, ideation, :P: and, depending on the aforesaid, eye-consciousness-element. This is called ‘because of mind there is the sixth base’.

P = See para. 184.

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Therein what is ‘because of the sixth base there is contact’?

That which is contact, contacting, act of contacting, state of con- tacting. This is called ‘because of the sixth base there is contact’.

Therein what is ‘because of contact there is feeling’? That which is neither mental ease nor uneasiness, neither-painful- nor-pleasant experience born of mental contact, neither-painful- nor-pleasant feeling born of mental contact. This is called ‘ because of contact there is feeling’.

Therein what is ‘because of feeling there is becoming’? With the exception of feeling (it is) the aggregate of perception, a gg re gate of mental concomitants, aggregate of consciousness. This is called ‘ because of feeling there is becoming : P : Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

P = See para. 249.

308. ... At that time because of activity there is consciousness rooted in activity; because of consciousness there is mind rooted in consciousness ; because of mind there is the sixth base rooted in mind; because of the sixth base there is contact rooted in the sixth base; because of contact there is feeling rooted in contact; because of feeling there is becoming ; because of becoming there is birth ; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

309. ... At that time because of activity there is consciousness associated with activity; because of consciousness there is mind associated with consciousness ; because of mind there is the sixth base associated with mind; because of the sixth base there is contact associated with the sixth base ; because of contact there is feeling associated with contact; because of feeling there is becom- ing ; because of becoming there is birth ; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

310. ... At that time because of activity there is consciousness; also because of consciousness there is activity. Because of con- sciousness there is mind; [175] also because of mind there is consciousness. Because of mind there is the sixth base; also because of the sixth base there is mind. Because of the sixth base there is contact; also because of contact there is the sixth base.

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Because of contact there is feeling ; also because of feeling there is contact. Because of feeling there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

311. What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when having done, having accumulated good action characteristic of the plane of desire there arises resultant ear consciousness accompanied by indifference, having audible object; :P: there arises nose con- sciousness accompanied by indifference, having odorous object;


 * P : there arises tongue consciousness accompanied by indifference,

having sapid object; :P: there arises body consciousness accom- panied by pleasure, having tangible object; at that time because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind ; because of mind there is the sixth base ; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

P = Complete as final example.

312. Therein what is activity? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called activity. : P : This is called ‘because of the sixth base there is contact'.

P = See para. 307.

Therein what is ‘because of contact there is feeling’? That which is bodily ease, bodily pleasure, easeful pleasant experience born of bodily contact, easeful pleasant feeling born of bodily contact. This is called ‘ because of contact there is feeling'.

Therein what is ‘because of feeling there is becoming’? With the exception of feeling (it is) the aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants, aggregate of consciousness. This is called ‘because of feeling there is becoming'. :P: Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering".

P = See paras. 249 and 308-310.

313. What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when having done, having accumulated good action characteristic of the plane of desire there arises resultant mind element accompanied

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Analysis of Dependent Origination 23 1

by indifference having visible object, audible object, odorous object, sapid object, tangible object or is concerned with whatever (object) ; at that time [176] because of activity there is conscious- ness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base ; because of the sixth base there is contact ; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becom- ing there is birth ; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

314. Therein what is activity? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called activity.

Therein what is ‘because of activity there is consciousness 5 ? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation, rP 1 : and, depending on the aforesaid, mind element. This is called ‘because of activity there is consciousness’. :P 2 : This is called ‘because of the sixth base there is contact’.

P^See para. 184. P 2 = See para. 307.

Therein what is ‘because of contact there is feeling’? That which is neither mental ease nor uneasiness, neither-painful-nor- pleasant experience born of mental contact, neither-painful-nor- pleasant feeling born of mental contact. This is called ‘because of contact there is feeling’.

Therein what is ‘because of feeling there is decision’?

That which is decision of consciousness, being decisive, state of decision of that (consciousness). This is called ‘because of feeling there is decision’.

Therein what is ‘because of decision there is becoming’?

With the exception of decision (it is) the aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants, aggre- gate of consciousness. This is called ‘because of decision there is becoming’. :P: Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

tfP = See paras. 249 and 308-310 with appropriate modifications for ‘ decision \

315. What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when having done, having accumulated good action characteristic of the plane of desire there arises resul tant mind-consciousness-eleme nt accompanied by mental pleasure having visible object, audible

T

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object, odorous object, sapid object, tangible object, ideational object or is concerned with whatever (object); at that time because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

316. [177] Therein what is activity? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called activity.

Therein what is ‘because of activity there is consciousness ’? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation, rP 1 : and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-consciousness-element. This is called ‘because of activity there is consciousness’. :P 2 : This is called ‘because of the sixth base there is contact’.

P 1 = See para. 184. P 2 = See para. 307.

Therein what is ‘because of contact there is feeling’? That which is mental ease, mental pleasure, easeful pleasant experience born of mental contact, easeful pleasant feeling born of mental contact. This is called ‘because of contact there is feeling’.

Therein what is ‘because of feeling there is decision’? That which is decision of consciousness, being decisive, state of decision of that (consciousness). This is called ‘because of feeling there is decision’.

Therein what is ‘because of decision there is becoming’?

With the exception of decision (it is) the aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants, aggre- gate of consciousness. This is called ‘because of decision there is becoming’. :P: Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

P = See paras. 249 and 308-310 with appropriate modification for ‘decision*.

317. What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when having done, having accumulated good action characteristic of the plane of desire there arises mind- consciousness -element accompanied by indifference, having visible object, audible object, odorous object, sapid object, tangible object, ideational

Analysis of Dependent Origination 233

object or is concerned with whatever (object); at that time because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind ; because of mind there is the sixth base ; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

318. Therein what is activity? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called activity.

Therein what is ‘because of activity there is consciousness ’ ? j

That which is consciousness, mind, ideation, tP 1 : and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-consciousness-element. This is called ‘because of activity there is consciousness’. :P 2 : This is called ‘ because of the sixth base there is contact’. |

P 1 = See para. 184. P 2 = See para. 307. ! j

Therein what is ‘because of contact there is feeling’? That which is neither mental ease nor uneasiness, neither-painful-nor- pleasant experience born of mental contact, neither-painful-nor- pleasant feeling born of mental contact. This is called ‘ because of contact there is feeling’.

Therein what is ‘because of feeling there is decision’? That which is decision of consciousness, being decisive, state of decision of that (consciousness). This is called ‘because of feeling there is decision’. j

Therein what is ‘because of decision there is becoming’?

With the exception of decision (it is) the aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants, aggre- gate of consciousness. This is called ‘because of decision there is j

becoming’. :P: Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”. i|

P = See paras. 249 and 308-310 with appropriate modification for ‘decision’.

319. What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when having done, having accumulated good action characteristic of the [

plane of desire there arises resultant mind-consciousness-element accompanied by mental pleasure, associatedjwith knowledge. :P* : j

Accompanied by mental pleasure, associated with knowledge, with instigation. rP 1 : Accompanied by mental pleasure, not associated

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with knowledge, with instigation. rP 1 : Accompanied by indifference, associated with knowledge. :P*: Accompanied by indifference, associated with knowledge, with instigation. rP 1 : Accompanied by indifference, not associated with knowledge. iP 1 : Accompanied by indifference, not associated with knowledge, with instigation, having visible object, :P 2 : ideational object or is concerned with whatever (object); at that time because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind ; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth ; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

P* = Complete as final example.

P 2 = Intermediate sense objects.

320. Therein what is activity? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called activity.

Therein what is ‘because of activity there is consciousness ’? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation, :P J : and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-consciousness-element. This is called ‘because of activity there is consciousness’. :P 2 : This is called ‘because of contact there is feeling’.

P x = See para. 184. P 2 = See para. 307.

Therein what is ‘because of feeling there is faith’? [178] That which is confidence, being confident, trust, implicit faith. This is called ‘because of feeling there is faith’.

Therein what is ‘because of faith there is decision’? That which is decision of consciousness, being decisive, state of decision of that (consciousness). This is called ‘because of faith there is decision’.

Therein what is ‘because of decision there is becoming’?

With the exception of decision (it is) the aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants, aggre- gate of consciousness. This is called ‘because of decision there is becoming’. :P: Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

P = See paras. 249 and 308-310 with appropriate modifications for ‘faith’ and f decision’.

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321. What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when (a bhikkhu) develops the path for rebirth in the plane of form, he, aloof from sense pleasures, :P* : attains and dwells in earth device first jhana ; at that time there is contact, :P 2 : there is non- wavering. These states are good.

P^See para. 205. P 2 = Dhs. para. 1.

Having done, having accumulated that same good action characteristic of the plane of form, he, aloof from sense pleasures,
 * P: attains and dwells in resultant earth device first jhana; at that

time because of activity there is consciousness; because of con- sciousness there is mind ; because of mind there is the sixth base ; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision ; because of decision there is becoming; because of becom- ing there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering. [ 179 ]

P = See para. 184.

322. What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when (a bhikkhu) develops the path for rebirth in the formless plane, he, having wholly passed the state of nothingness, having abandoned pleasure, rP 1 : attains and dwells in the fourth jhana accompanied by perception of the state that is neither perception nor non- perception ; at that time there is contact, :P 2 : there is non-wavering. These states are good.

P^See para. 205. P 2 = See Dhs. para. 1.

Having done, having accumulated that same good action characteristic of the formless plane, he, having wholly passed the state of nothingness, having abandoned pleasure, :P: attains and dwells in resultant fourth jhana accompani ed by percept ion of the state that is neither perceptlonTnor non-perception; at that time because of activity there is consciousness ; because of consciousness there is mind ; because of mind there is the sixth base ; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

P = See para. 205.

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323. What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when (a bhikkhu) develops supramundane jhana tending to release, dis- persive of continuing rebirth and death ; he, for the abandoning of wrong view, for the entering of the first stage, aloof from sense pleasures, :P 1 : attains and dwells in the first jhana that is hard practice and knowledge slowly acquired; at that time there is contact, :P 2 : there is non- wavering. These states are good.

P^See para. 205. P 2 = See Dhs. para. 277.

Having done, having developed that same supramundane good jhana, he, aloof from sense pleasures, :P: attains and dwells in resultant first jhana that is hard practice and knowledge slowly acquired;* at that time because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind ; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; [ 180 ] because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth ; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of these states.

P = See para. 205.


 * 1) < is empty * is usually included here.

324. What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when having done, having accumulated bad action there arises resultant eye consciousness accompanied by indifference, having visible object; :P: there arises ear consciousness accompanied by indiffer- ence, having audible object; :P: there arises nose consciousness accompanied by indifference, having odorous object; :P: there arises tongue consciousness accompanied by indifference, having sapid object; :P: there arises body consciousness accompanied by pain, having tangible object; at that time because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

P = Complete as final example.

325. Therein what is activity? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called activity.

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Therein what is ‘because of activity there is consciousness * ?

That which is consciousness, mind, ideation, rP 1 : and, depending on the aforesaid, body-consciousness-element. This is called ‘ because of activity there is consciousness’. :P 2 : This is called ‘because of the sixth base there is contact 5.

P^See para. 184. P 2 = See para. 307.

Therein what is ‘because of contact there is feeling’? That which is bodily uneasiness, bodily pain, uneasy painful experience born of bodily contact, uneasy painful feeling born of bodily contact. This is called ‘because of contact there is feeling 5.

Therein what is ‘because of feeling there is becoming’? With the exception of feeling (it is) the aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants, aggregate of consciousness. This is called ‘because of feeling there is becoming 5. :P: Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering 55.

P = See paras. 249 and 308-310.

326. What states are neither-good-nor-bad? [181] At the time when having done, having accumulated bad action there arises resultant mind element accompanied by indifference, having visible object, audible object, odorous object, sapid object, tangible object or is concerned with whatever (object) ; at that time because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because jif feeling there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

327. Therein what is activity? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called activity.

Therein what is ‘because of activity there is consciousness ’? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation, rP 1 : and, depending on the aforesaid, mind element. This is called ‘because of activity there is consciousness 5. :P 2 : This is called ‘because of the sixth base there is contact 5.

P^See para. 184. P 2 = See para. 307.

Therein what is ‘because of contact there is feeling’? That which is neither mental ease nor uneasiness, neither-painful-nor-

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pleasant experience born of mental contact, neither-painful-nor- pleasant feeling born of mental contact. This is called ‘ because of contact there is feeling’.

Therein what is ‘because of feeling there is decision’? That which is decision of consciousness, being decisive, state of decision of that (consciousness). This is called ‘because of feeling there is decision’.

Therein what is ‘because of decision there is becoming’?

With the exception of decision (it is) the aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants, aggre- gate of consciousness. This is called ‘because of decision there is becoming’. :P: Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

P = See paras. 249 and 308-310 with appropriate modification for ‘decision*,

328. What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when having done, having accumulated bad action there arises resultant mind-consciousness-element accompanied by indifference, having visible object, :P: ideational object or is concerned with whatever (object); at that time because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind ; because of mind there is the sixth base ; because of the sixth base there is contact ; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming t&ereT is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

P = Intermediate sense objects.

329. Therein what is activity? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called activity.

Therein what is ‘because of activity there is consciousness ’ ? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation, :P X : and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-consciousness-element. This is called ‘because of activity there is consciousness’. :P 2 : Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”. [182]

P* = See para. 184.

P 2 = See paras. 249 and 308-310 with appropriate modification for ‘decision’.

330. What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when there arises mind element that is inoperative, neither good nor bad nor

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the resultant of action, accompanied by indifference, having visible object, iP 1 : tangible object, :P 2 : there arises mind-consciousness- element that is inoperative, neither good nor bad nor the resultant of action, accompanied by mental pleasure, having visible object,
 * P X : ideational object, :P 2 : there arises mind-consciousness-

element that is inoperative, neither good nor bad nor the resultant of action, accompanied by indifference, having visible object, rP 1 ; ideational object or is concerned with whatever (object); at that time because of activity there is consciousness; because of con- sciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact ; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

P 1 = Intermediate sense objects. P 2 = Complete as final example.

33 1 . What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when there arises mind-consciousness-element that is inoperative, neither good nor bad nor the resultant of action, accompanied by mental pleasure, associated with knowledge, :P X : accompanied by mental pleasure, associated with knowledge, with instigation, :P X : accompanied by mental pleasure, not associated with knowledge, :P X : accompanied by mental pleasure, not associated with knowledge, with instigation, •.P 1 : accompanied by indifference, associated with knowledge, :P X : accompanied by indifference, associated with knowledge, with instigation, :P X : accompanied by indifference, not associated with knowledge, with instigation, having visible object, :P 2 : ideational object or is concerned with whatever (object) ; at that time because of activity there is consciousness ; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; [ 183 ] because of becoming there is birth ; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

P 1 ^ Complete as final example. P 2 = Intermediate sense objects.

332. What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when (a bhikkhu) develops jhana characteristic of the plane of form that is

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inoperative, neither good nor bad nor the resultant of action, (is the cause of) pleasant living in the present existence, he, aloof from sense pleasures, :P: attains and dwells in earth device first jhana ; at that time because of activity there is consciousness ; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of fa ith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

P = See para. 205.

333. What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when (a bhikkhu) develops jhana characteristic of the formless plane that is inoperative, neither good nor bad nor the resultant of action, (is the cause of) pleasant living in the present existence, he, having wholly passed the state of nothingness, having abandoned pleasure, :P: attains and dwells in the fourth jhana accompanied by perception of the state that is neither perception nor non-perception ; at that time because of activity there is consciousness; [184] because of consciousness there is mind ; because of mind there is the sixth base ; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

P — See para. 205.

(HERE ENDS) EXPOSITION OF NEITHER- GOOD-NOR-BAD STATES

12. EXPOSITION OF GOOD STATES ROOTED IN IGNORANCE

334. What states are good? At the time when there arises good consciousness characteristic of the plane of desire accompanied by mental pleasure, associated with knowledge, having visible object,
 * P : ideational object or is concerned with whatever (object) ; at that

time because of ignorance there is activity ; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because

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of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming ; because of becoming there is birth ; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

P = Intermediate sense objects.

335. Therein what is ‘because of ignorance there is activity’? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called ‘because of ignorance there is activity’. :P: This is called ‘because of the sixth base there is contact’.

P = See para. 249.

Therein what is ‘because of contact there is feeling’? That which is mental ease, mental pleasure, easeful pleasant experience born of mental contact, easeful pleasant feeling born of mental contact. This is called ‘because of contact there is feeling’.

Therein what is ‘because of feeling there is faith’? That which is confidence, being confident, trust, implicit faith. This is called ‘because of feeling there is faith’.

Therein what is ‘because of faith there is decision’? That which is decision of consciousness, being decisive, state of decision of that (consciousness). This is called ‘because of faith there is decision’.

Therein what is ‘because of decision there is becoming’?

With the exception of decision (it is) the aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants, aggre- gate of consciousness. This is called ‘because of decision there is becoming’. :P: Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

P = See para. 249.

336. ... At that time because of ignorance there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness ; because of consciousness there is mind ; because of mind there is contact ; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becom- ing there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering. [185]

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337. ... At that time because of ignorance there is activity ; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind and matter; because of mind and matter there is the sixth base ; because of the sixth base there is contact ; because of contact there is feeling; because jof feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

338. ... At that time because of ignorance there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind and matter; because of mind and matter there are six bases; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

339. What states are good? At the time when there arises good consciousness characteristic of the plane of desire accompanied by mental pleasure, associated with knowledge, with instigation, :P X : accompanied by mental pleasure, not associated with knowledge,
 * P X : accompanied by mental pleasure, not associated with know-

ledge, with instigation, :P X : accompanied by indifference, associated with knowledge, :P X : accompanied by indifference, associated with knowledge, with instigation, :P X : accompanied by indifference, not associated with knowledge, :P X : accompanied by indifference, not associated with knowledge, with instigation, having visible object,
 * P 2 : ideational object or is concerned with whatever (object); at

that time because of ignorance there is activity ; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

V 1 — Complete as final example.

P 2 = Intermediate sense objects.

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340. What states are good? At the time when (a bhikkhu) develops the path for rebirth in the plane of form, [186] he, aloof from sense pleasures, :P: attains and dwells in earth device first jhana; at that time because of ignorance there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness ; because of consciousness there is mind ; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

P = See para. 205.

341. What states are good? At the time when (a bhikkhu) develops the path for rebirth in the formless plane, he, having wholly passed the state of nothingness, having abandoned pleasure, :P : attains and dwells in the fourth jhana accompanied by perception of the state that is neither perception nor non-perception ; at that time because of ignorance there is activity; because of activity there is con- sciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

P = See para. 205.

342. What states are good? At the time when (a bhikkhu) develops

supramundane jhana tending to release, dispersive of continuing rebirth and death; he, for the abandoning of wrong view, for the entering of the first stage, aloof from sense pleasures, :P : attains and dwells in the first jhana that is hard practice and knowledge slowly acquired; at that time because of ignorance there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind ; because of mind there is the sixth base ; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contactf!87] there is feeling; because of feeling there because of faith there is4ccisioa;

because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is

n +

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birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of these states.

P = See para. 205.

(HERE ENDS) EXPOSITION OF GOOD STATES ROOTED IN IGNORANCE

13. EXPOSITION OF RESULTANTS HAVING GOOD ROOTS

343. What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when having done, having accumulated good action characteristic of the plane of desire there arises resultant eye consciousness accompanied by indifference, having visible object; at that time because of good roots there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind ; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

344. Therein what is ‘because of good roots there is activity’?

That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called ‘ because of good roots there is activity \ :P : Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

P = See para. 307.

345. What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when having done, having accumulated good action characteristic of the plane of desire there arises resultant ear consciousness accompanied by indifference, having audible object, iP 1 : there arises nose consciousness accompanied by indifference, having odorous object,
 * P X : there arises tongue consciousness accompanied by indifference,

having sapid object, iP 1 : there arises body consciousness accom- panied by pleasure, having tangible object, :P X : there arises mind element accompanied by indifference, having visible object, :P 2 : tangible object, rP 1 : there arises mind-consciousness-element accompanied by mental pleasure, having visible object, :P 2 : ideational object, ;P X ; there arises mind-consciousness-element accompanied by indifference, having visible object, :P 2 : ideational

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object or is concerned with whatever (object) ; at that time because of good roots there is activity; because of activity there is con- sciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; [ 188 ] because of feeling there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; Because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

P l = Complete as final example. P 2 = Intermediate sense objects.

346. What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when having done, having accumulated good action characteristic of the plane of desire there arises resultant mind-consciousness-element accompanied by mental pleasure, associated with knowledge, .P 1 : accompanied by mental pleasure, associated with knowledge, with instigation, :P X : accompanied by mental pleasure, not associated with knowledge, rP 1 : accompanied by mental pleasure, not associated with knowledge, with instigation, rP 1 : accompanied by indifference, associated with knowledge, rP 1 : accompanied by indifference, associated with knowledge, with instigation, :P A : accompanied by indifference, not associated with knowledge, rP 1 : accompanied by indifference, not associated with knowledge, with instigation, having visible object, :P 2 : ideational object or is concerned with whatever (object) ; at that time because of good roots there is activity ; because of activity there is consciousness ; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base ; because of the sixth base there is contact ; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

P* = Complete as final example. P 2 = Intermediate sense objects.

347. What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when (a bhlkkhu) develops the path for rebirth in the plane of form, he, aloof from sense pleasures, :P X : attains and dwells in earth device first jhana; at that time there is contact, :P 2 : there is non-wavering. These states are good.

P 1 = See para. 205.

P 2 =See Dhs. para. 1.

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Having done, having accumulated that same good action characteristic of the plane of form, he, aloof from sense pleasures attains and dwells in resultant earth device first jhana; at that time because of good roots there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. [ 189 ] Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

P = See para. 205.

348. What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when (a bhikkhu) develops the path for rebirth in the formless plane, he, having wholly passed the state of nothingness, having abandoned pleasure, :P X : attains and dwells in the fourth jhana accompanied by perception of the state that is neither perception nor non-perception ; at that time there is contact, :P 2 : there is non-wavering. These states are good.

P ! = See para. 205. P 2 =See Dhs. para. 1.

Having done, having accumulated that same good action characteristic of the formless plane, he, having wholly passed the state of nothingness, having abandoned pleasure, :P: attains and dwells in resultant fourth jhana accompanied by perception of the state that is neither perception nor non-perception; at that time because of good roots there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness ; because of consciousness there is mind ; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision ; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

P = See para. 205.

349, What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when (a bhikkhu) develops supramundane jhana tending to release, disper- sive of continuing rebirth and death; he, for the abandoning of

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wrong view, for the entering of the first stage, aloof from sense pleasures, :P X : attains and dwells in the first jhana that is hard practice and knowledge slowly acquired; at that time there is contact, :P 2 : there is non- wavering. These states are good.

P^See para. 205. P 2 = See Dhs. para. 277.

Having done, having developed that same good supramundane jhana, he, aloof from sense pleasures, :P: attains and dwells in resultant first jhana that is hard practice, knowledge slowly acquired and is empty; at that time because of good roots there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness ; because of consciousness there is mind ; because of mind there is the sixth base ; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth ; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of these states. [190]

P = See para. 205.

(HERE ENDS) EXPOSITION OF RESULTANTS HAVING GOOD ROOTS

14. EXPOSITION OF RESULTANTS HAVING BAD ROOTS

350. What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when having done, having accumulated bad action there arises resultant eye consciousness accompanied by indifference, having visible object ; at that time because of bad roots there is activity ; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

351. Therein what is ‘because of bad roots there is activity’?

That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called * because of bad roots there is activity’. :P: Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

P = See para. 307.

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352. What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when having done, having accumulated bad action there arises resultant ear consciousness accompanied by indifference, having audible object, rP 1 : there arises nose consciousness accompanied by indifference, having odorous object, :P X : there arises tongue consciousness accompanied by indifference, having sapid object,
 * P X ; there arises body consciousness accompanied by pain, having

tangible object, rP 1 : there arises mind element accompanied by indifference, having visible object, :P 2 : tangible object or is con- cerned with whatever (object) ; at that time because of bad roots there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind ; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

P x = Complete as final example. P 2 = Intermediate sense objects.

353. What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when having done, having accumulated bad action there arises resultant mind-consciousness-element accompanied by indifference, having visible object, ;P; ideational object or is concerned with whatever (object) ; at that time because of bad roots there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness ; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of_ feeling there is decision ; because of decision there is becoming ; [191] because of becoming there is birth ; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

P 2 = Intermediate sense objects.

354. Therein what is ‘because of bad roots there is activity’?

That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called ‘because of bad roots there is activity’.

Therein what is ‘because of activity there is consciousness 9 ? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation, :P : and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-consciousness-element. This is called ‘because of activity there is consciousness \

P = See para. 184.

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Therein what is ‘because of consciousness there is mind*?

The aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants. This is called ‘ because of consciousness there is mind 5.

Therein what is ‘because of mind there is the sixth base’?

That which is consciousness, mind, ideation, :P : and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-consciousness-element. This is called ‘because of mind there is the sixth base 5.

P = See para. 184.

Therein what is ‘because of the sixth base there is contact’?

That which is contact, contacting, act of contacting, state of contacting. This is called ‘because of the sixth base there is contact 5.

Therein what is ‘because of contact there is feeling’? That which is neither mental ease nor uneasiness, neither-painful-nor- pleasant experience born of mental contact, neither-painful-nor- pleasant feeling born of mental contact. This is called ‘ because of contact there is feeling 5.

Therein what is ‘because of feeling there is decision’? That which is decision of consciousness, being decisive, state of decision of that (consciousness). This is called ‘because of feeling there is decision 5.

Therein what is ‘because of decision there is becoming’?

With the exception of decision (it is) the aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants aggregate of consciousness. This is called ‘because of decision there is becoming 5.

Therein what is ‘because of becoming there is birth’? That which for this or that state is birth, genesis, existence, full existence, appearance. This is called ‘because of becoming there is birth 5.

Therein what is ‘because of birth there is ageing and death ’ ? There is ageing ; there is death. Therein what is ageing? That which for this or that state is ageing, decrepitude, the dwindling of life. This is called ageing. Therein what is death? That which for this or that state is destruction, decay, breaking up, disintegration, impermanence, disappearance. This is called death. Thus is this ageing and this death. This is called ‘because of birth there is ageing and death 5.

‘Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering’ means:

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Therein what is ‘because of consciousness there is mind*?

The aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants. This is called ‘ because of consciousness there is mind 5.

Therein what is ‘because of mind there is the sixth base’?

That which is consciousness, mind, ideation, :P : and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-consciousness-element. This is called ‘because of mind there is the sixth base 5.

P = See para. 184.

Therein what is ‘because of the sixth base there is contact’?

That which is contact, contacting, act of contacting, state of contacting. This is called ‘because of the sixth base there is contact 5.

Therein what is ‘because of contact there is feeling’? That which is neither mental ease nor uneasiness, neither-painful-nor- pleasant experience born of mental contact, neither-painful-nor- pleasant feeling born of mental contact. This is called ‘ because of contact there is feeling 5.

Therein what is ‘because of feeling there is decision’? That which is decision of consciousness, being decisive, state of decision of that (consciousness). This is called ‘because of feeling there is decision 5.

Therein what is ‘because of decision there is becoming’?

With the exception of decision (it is) the aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants aggregate of consciousness. This is called ‘because of decision there is becoming 5.

Therein what is ‘because of becoming there is birth’? That which for this or that state is birth, genesis, existence, full existence, appearance. This is called ‘because of becoming there is birth 5.

Therein what is ‘because of birth there is ageing and death ’ ? There is ageing ; there is death. Therein what is ageing? That which for this or that state is ageing, decrepitude, the dwindling of life. This is called ageing. Therein what is death? That which for this or that state is destruction, decay, breaking up, disintegration, impermanence, disappearance. This is called death. Thus is this ageing and this death. This is called ‘because of birth there is ageing and death 5.

‘Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering 5 means:

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Thus is the combination, the assemblage, the collocation, the appearance of this whole mass of suffering. [192] Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

(HERE ENDS) EXPOSITION OF RESULTANTS HAVING BAD ROOTS

(HERE ENDS) ANALYSIS ACCORDING TO ABHIDHAMMA

ANALYSIS OF DEPENDENT ORIGINATION IS ENDED